President James Madison madwar Born in Virginia, 1751 Enlisted in Continental Army but too small Attended Princeton University and became a lawyer. Father of the Constitution and Bill of Rights. Secretary of State during Jefferson’s Presidency President (D-R), 1809 to 1817 Had to deal with Jefferson’s policies after he left office President James Madison

Presidential Election of 1808

Madison’s Administration: Tension Over Trade Continues Non-Intercourse Trade Act of 1809 Define: Trade with other nations other than Eng. & France-attempt to damage their economies Results: seriously damaged the economy of the United States Macon’s Bill No. 2 Define: reopened trade with England and France- could suspend if issues arise Results: Despite hurting the economy as a whole, the bill did help America begin to industrialize- no British manufactured goods could be imported and had to be instead produced domestically

Presidential Election of 1812

Veto of Bonus Bills (1817) Bonus Bill (by Calhoun of SC) Extra revenues from BUS would be used to pay for internal improvements Clay’s American System Madison vetoes the Bill Strict Constructionist Would increase the power of the central gov’t Constitution did not give Fed gov’t power to finance these projects Veto reflects sectional concerns Creation of roads would allow people to move to territories, less power to already established states

Maritime Issues Problems on the Frontier Western “War Hawks” Causes of the War of 1812 Maritime Issues Problems on the Frontier Western “War Hawks”

Principle of Free Trade and Impressment of American Sailors England blockades ports under French control to all foreign shipping (including U.S.) England continued to seize U.S. ships and impress Americans

Attacks on Western Frontier Conflict Tecumseh (Shawnee) and the Prophet (brother) form Indian Confederacy Attack white settlements east of Mississippi Supplied by British Renewal of Indian cultural General William H. Harrison is governor of Indiana and instructed by Pres. Jefferson to convince Tecumseh to stop We gave them forest-clad mountains and valleys full of game and in return what did they give our warriors and our women? Rum, trinkets (jewelry) and death” -Tecumseh “

Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811 Harrison invites N.A. chiefs to a meeting in Fort Wayne, IN. Sign a treaty giving away 3 mil acres of land to U.S. Tecumseh organized a confederacy of Indian tribes to fight for their homelands. Tecumseh’s brother fought against Harrison and was defeated at Tippecanoe. This made Harrison a national hero! [1840 election  Tippecanoe & Tyler, too!]

John C. Calhoun South Carolina Western War Hawks Calhoun and Clay want War! Why??? Defend its neutrality Stop impressment (destroying U.S. economy) British forts on U.S. soil Tecumseh (British arming) Desire for Canada British disrespect Americans New Generation of Americans, born after independence, don’t fear British John C. Calhoun South Carolina Henry Clay Kentucky

New England Opposes the War NE states (mostly Federalist) opposed Policies and war will hurt trade They are the coastal states and will deal with brunt of war, western lands will not Led by Daniel Webster

Madison’s War Message and Congressional Vote 6/1/1812 Britain had: Interfered with U.S. Shipping Impressment of sailors Provoked Indian attacks Congressional Vote Reflected sectional/political divisions HoR 79-49 Senate 19-13

United States vs. Britain The War of 1812 aka 2nd War of Independence Aka Mr. Madison’s War United States vs. Britain

Problems Facing America Military is unprepared 16 ships v. 100+ Disorganized state militias and few volunteers Financially Inflated paper money No trade = no tariff profits Disunity in country

US unprepared for war but fought valiantly Map war1812 WAR OF 1812 US unprepared for war but fought valiantly Failed invasion into Canada. British blockade hurt US economy…

The British Burn the Capital August 1814, the British Army invades the United States and marches on Washington D.C. After a brief fight the city surrenders and nearly all government buildings are razed by fire Madison rallies the American public after this defeat

Washington, D.C. burned by British, 25th of August 1814 Burning the Capital highlights Dolly Madison escaped from White House and took many pieces of art, furniture from the White House before the British destroyed it. Washington, D.C. burned by British, 25th of August 1814

Failure of the Conscription Bill (1814) Need for a larger Military Force Madison and SoS Monroe propose a Conscription Bill Create a national draft Wanted 40,000 Soldiers Opposition to bill is lead by Daniel Webster (F, NH) Believes draft is unconstitutional and limits freedoms and liberty Draft is never mentioned in Constitution

The Battle of Fort McHenry and the “The Star Spangled Banner”

Battle of New Orleans (1/8/15) 10k British v. 4.5K U.S. British attack unprotected Battle takes an hour Most of the fighting in the first 20 minutes British = 2,036 casualties US = 21 casualties Andrew Jackson was the American General = war hero

The Treaty of Ghent War of 1812 is considered a “stalemate”…Dec. 1814 Results: A halt to the fighting The return of all conquered territory to the prewar borders Recognition of the prewar boundary between Canada and the United States DOES NOT ADDRESS ANY OF THE CAUSES OF THE WAR

Hartford Convention (12/14 – 1/15) Radical NE Federalist meet to discuss problems (caused by the war) and their possible solutions Believed it was an unnecessary war against the wrong enemy Continued to smuggle goods and trade with England Talked of secession (never that seriously) When people learned about the meeting and discussions the Federalist became very unpopular

War’s Impact and Legacy Illustrated sectional differences in America Federalist Party begins to disappear (due to the Hartford Convention) Idea of nullification will later be used by the South U.S. remains neutral in European affairs and wants to be isolated = Monroe Doctrine Native Americans forced to give up land and relocate U.S. builds factory since they can not rely on Britain War heroes – Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison are future presidents U.S. Nationalism: Attack Barbary Pirates Larger standing army American System National Bank is re-chartered

Tariff of 1816 Reasoning U.S. is facing budget deficit and Fed. Gov’t needs more $ Can not rely on GB for goods, must protect U.S. manufacturing Clay’s American System Support North where majority of manufacturing is, so they favor a protective tariff South Tariff is to be temporary after War of 1812 they push for national unity – advocated by Calhoun – Era of Good Feelings Tariff will only apply to certain goods (cotton, wool, iron – not things they often bought) Tariff Passes 25% tariff for 3 years then % begins to drop