AP World History Review Period 4: Global Interactions c. 1450-1750 CE

Key Concept 4.1 Global Networks Describe the degree of global ‘interconnection’ after 1500 CE compared to before 1500. What were the overall effects of this change in global connectedness? How did the global trade network after 1500 CE affect the pre-existing regional trade networks? What were the major notable transoceanic voyages between 1450-1750?

Key Concept 4.1 Global Networks How did the new global connections affect the peoples of Oceania and Polynesia? What new financial and monetary means made new scale(s) of trade possible? What previously established scale(s) of trade continued? What were the effects of the Columbian Exchange? How did the Columbian Exchange affect the spread of religions? How did the arts fare during this period?

Key Concept 4.1 Global Networks 1450: Trade & Communication Networks = Regional Indian Ocean (Southernization) Silk Roads Mediterranean Trans-Saharan 1750: Networks = Worldwide Columbian Exchange

4.2 Social & Economic Organization How did agriculture’s role change between 1450-1750? What pre-requisite conditions made these changes possible? How did labor systems develop between 1450 – 1750? How did the post-1450 economic order affect the social, economic, and political elites?

4.2 Social & Economic Organization 1450: Agriculture based on Labor Peasant Slave Trade (e.g. E Africa) By 1750: American Plantation Economy required new types/forms of labor Indentured Servants Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Encomienda & Hacienda systems

4.2 Social & Economic Organization New Social Elites emerged (from imperial conquest and/or Columbian Exchange) Demographic Changes in Africa, caused by Slave Trade New Ethnic/Racial categories Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Mulattoes, etc.

4.2 Social & Economic Organization Traditional Elites also had to adapt to new realities Mughal Zamindars European nobles Japanese daimyo

4.3 State Consolidation & Expansion How did empires attempt to administer the new widespread nature of their territories? How did the role of Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Europe develop in this new world-wide political order? How did the people of various empires react to their government’s methods? How did political rulers legitimize and consolidate their rule? What was the relationship btwn imperialism and military technology?

4.3 State Consolidation & Expansion What obstacles to empire-building did empires confront, and how did they respond to these challenges?

4.3 State Consolidation & Expansion New Maritime Empires required new forms of administration Portugal, Spain, French, Dutch, England Rulers sought new forms of legitimization

4.3 State Consolidation & Expansion Means of Expansion Gunpowder Cannons Armed Trade Competition over Trade Routes caused conflict/wars.

Resources for Additional Info John Green’s “Crash Course” videos. #21 15th Century Mariners #24 The Atlantic Slave Trade #25 The Spanish Empire #26 The Seven Years War