Warm-Up: Analyzing Political Cartoons In their pursuit of profit, ruthless business leaders destroyed competing companies. With the competition gone, they were free to raise prices and acquire great wealth. The rise of big business and the creation of such great wealth sparked a stormy debate. Some people saw the Rockefellers as “captains of industry” and praised their vision and skills while others labeled them “robber barons” who were destroying the system of free- enterprise. In this 1899 American cartoon, an octopus-like monster represents a monopoly. 1. Make a list of things you notice in the political cartoon 2. Do you think this cartoonist favored or opposed government regulation of business? Explain. 3. Why were big business leaders “captains of industry” to some, but “robber barons” to others?

Directions: In 1888, Neil Cusack, a reporter for the Chicago Times, worked undercover to write a series of newspaper articles about the conditions under which factory girls worked. Read the excerpt below, highlighting descriptive words / phrases and answer the essential questions below. Create a list of any vocabulary words you are unfamiliar with below the document. “…The place was noisy with flying shuttles, clicking needles, and the whizzing wheels of the roaring machinery was deafening… The room was low…and clouds of lint seemed floating about in space. Add to that poor light, bad ventilation, the exhalations of so many people, [and] the smell of dye from the cloth…and you have material for the make-up of [the] shop. All afternoon we sewed; sewed incessantly without uttering a syllable or resting a moment.”   Using evidence from the excerpt, what does the shop sound like? What are the conditions that the factory girls worked in? How do you think the Industrial Revolution affected everyday life? Making Inferences: How has the Industrial Revolution impacted our lives today? Based on this document, what is an Enduring Issue(s)?

Chapter 9: Life in the Industrial Age (1800-1914) Section 2 -The Rise of the Cities Objectives: Summarize the impact of medical advances in the late 1800s. Describe how cities had changed by 1900. Explain how working-class struggles led to improved conditions for workers. How did the Industrial Revolution change life in the cities?

Terms and People Germ theory – the idea that certain microbes cause specific infectious diseases. Louis Pasteur – a French chemist who showed the link between microbes and disease and developed vaccines against rabies and anthrax. Robert Koch – a German doctor who identified the bacterium that caused tuberculosis. Florence Nightingale – an army nurse in the Crimean War who worked to introduce sanitary measures in British hospitals and founded the world’s first school of nursing. Joseph Lister – the English surgeon who discovered how antiseptics prevent infection. Urban renewal – the process of fixing up the poor areas of a city. Mutual-aid society – a self-help group formed to aid sick or injured workers. Standard of living – a measure of the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society. Louis Sullivan - an American architect who has been called the "father of skyscrapers" and "father of modernism". He is considered by many as the creator of the modern skyscraper.

Populations soared in Europe and America between 1800 and 1900. The death rate fell due to improved nutrition and significant advances in medicine. Louis Pasteur proved germ theory, showing that microbes cause specific illnesses. Robert Koch identified the cause of tuberculosis, a major cause of death. As people understood the causes of disease, they bathed and changed their clothes more often. 5

Hospital care also improved during the 1800s and early 1900s. Anesthesia was first used in the 1840s and allowed doctors to experiment with new operations. However, hospitals were dangerous places before people understood the importance of sanitation. Florence Nightingale and Joseph Lister worked to improve hospital conditions, drastically reducing deaths from infection.

Cities changed as industrialization progressed. City planners led urban renewal projects. Settlement patterns changed. The poor lived in slums at the center while the rich moved to the outskirts. Architects used steel to construct soaring skyscrapers. Louis Sullivan - an American architect who has been called the "father of skyscrapers" and "father of modernism". He is considered by many as the creator of the modern skyscraper.

Use of electricity continued to grow in the twentieth century.

Despite these improvements, poor people lived in bad conditions in slums. Cities installed street lights, organized police and fire forces, and dug sewers. On the whole, however, cities were very attractive. People were drawn by the excitement, the promise of work, and entertainment.

Workers tried to improve their living conditions Workers tried to improve their living conditions. By the mid 1800s they began to see progress. They formed mutual-aid societies to help sick or injured members. Union membership grew and workers used strikes to demand wage increases. Government also responded to pressure and passed laws to regulate working conditions and ban child labor.

As the Industrial Revolution drew to a close, the standard of living rose among city dwellers. Health improved and infant mortality decreased. People had more time for leisure activities such as going to zoos, circuses, sporting events, and movies. People ate better, dressed in mass-produced clothing, and bought more luxury goods. Some workers moved to the suburbs.

Effects Causes The Causes and Effects of the Industrial Revolution STUDY for TEST Effects Immediate Effects Rise of Factories Changes in transportation and communication Urbanization New methods of production Rise of urban working class Growth of reform movements Long Term Effects Growth of Labor Unions Inexpensive new products Increased pollution Rise of big business Expansion of public education Expansion of middle class Competition for world trade Progress in medical care Causes Increased agricultural productivity Growing population New sources of energy, such as steam and coal Growing demand for mass-produced goods Improved technology Available natural resources, labor, money Strong stable governments

How did the Industrial Revolution change life in the cities? Cities grew during the 1800s as rural people moved into urban areas and the population continued to grow due to medical advances, sanitation methods and safer working conditions. Cities began to take on many of the features that they have today.