10/11 Ancient History Do Now: Fill in the maps with as many physical features and places as possible.

Environmental Factors Water rivers, seas Topography (the shape of the land) - mountains, valleys, deserts Vegetation - plant life

Water Important for many reasons - allows for drinking, bathing, & washing things - source of food - transportation & trade

Topography Important for early settlement - farmers usually settled in flat, open spaces like plains & valleys  good for growing crops - avoided mountains & deserts  difficult to travel & farm in these areas

Vegetation Influenced early settlement in several ways - plants were a source of food (both wild & crops) - people made products from plants (medicines, baskets, rope)

Early Settlements of Egypt & Kush Egyptians lived along northern part of Nile River Kushites lived along southern part of Nile River

Map of Ancient Egypt

Physical Features of Egypt & Kush Nile River was surrounded by Libyan, Arabian, & Nubian Deserts - Gave protection to people in Nile River valley To the north  Mediterranean Sea To the east  Red Sea

Environmental Factors of Egypt & Kush Water – Nile River Source of fresh water Provided natural irrigation when it flooded Provided food Topography – Nile River In south, wide areas of flat land In north, wide plains watered by annual flooding Vegetation – Nile River Useful plants like reeds & papyrus

Map of Ancient Canaan

Physical Features of Canaan Coastal plains bordered Med. Sea Lebanon Mountains to the north Jordan River flowed down from mountain range through Sea of Galilee to Dead Sea

Environment Factors of Canaan Water Med. Sea provided trade Sea of Galilee & Jordan River provided water Areas near water were good for farming

Environmental Factors of Canaan - continued Topography Farmers lived in coastal plains & near Jordan River Other areas were difficult to farm so people became herders Vegetation Plant life abundant near Jordan River Grasslands were also common  herders made good use of them

The Ancient Egyptian Pharaohs

Three Periods of Stability Old Kingdom (2700 – 2200 B.C.E.) - pharaohs set up strong central governments & built pyramids as tombs Middle Kingdom (2000 - 1800 B.C.E.) Period of Reunification Many achievements in literature, art, & architecture

Three Periods of Stability - continued New Kingdom (1600 – 1100 B.C.E.) - Golden Age  Egypt’s power reached its height - pharaohs increased trade & built gigantic monuments

Pharaoh Khufu Ruled during Old Kingdom Best known as the builder of a famous pyramid – Great Pyramid at Giza Established pharaoh as central authority by declaring himself a god

Pharaoh Senusret I Ruled during Middle Kingdom Many achievements in art, literature, & architecture during his reign His greatest accomplishments were in religious architecture He built & improved many temples & monuments including The White Chapel

The White Chapel

Pharaoh Hatshepsut Ruled during Middle Kingdom Egypt’s first female pharaoh Greatest accomplishment was simply gaining power She promoted trade with other countries - biggest expedition was to African kingdom of Punt Left behind a stunning monument, at great temple at Dayr al-Bahri

Temple at Dayr al-Bahri

Pharaoh Ramses II Ruled during New Kingdom Ruled for 60 years - longer than any other pharaoh Best known for military leadership & for building numerous monuments Tried to defend an Egyptian empire that extended into Canaan Most famous military battles were against the Hittite Empire in Anatolia

Pharaoh Ramses II - continued He was also a peacemaker – signed the world’s first peace treaty with the Hittites Most impressive project was the temple complex at Abu Simbel

Temple at Abu Simbel