By Klas C. Haglid, P.E., R.A., CEM Implementing Demand Controlled Ventilation to Meet ASHRAE Standard 62.1 - 2010 By Klas C. Haglid, P.E., R.A., CEM

Klas C. Haglid, P.E., R.A., CEM - Bio ASHRAE Distinguished Service Award 2011 ASHRAE Handbook, HVAC Applications and Management, Chapter 37,– Author, Klas C. Haglid P.E. R.A. ASHRAE Standard 189.1, Corresponding Member GPC 32P - Sustainable, High Performance Operations & Maintenance, Voting Member, Contributing, Co-Author Technical Committee 5.5 - Air-To-Air Energy Recovery, Handbook Subcommittee Chairman, Past Chairman Technical Committee 7.6 - System Energy Utilization, Voting Member Technical Committee 7.8 - Owning and Operating Costs of Commercial Buildings, Past Chairman ASHRAE Standard 84-1991R, Voting Member Reviewed draft of ASHRAE Standard 84-1991R and provided engineering details for efficiency calculations.

Objectives Complying with ASHRAE Std. 62.1-2010 to improve IAQ while increasing energy efficiency ASHRAE Std. 90.1 can be accomplished with: Displacement Ventilation Demand Controlled Ventilation Energy Recovery Ventilators Variable Speed Drives

ASHRAE Std. 62.1-2010 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality How to determine minimum prescriptive ventilation rates How to use Demand Side Ventilation to meet ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010

Definitions “acceptable indoor air quality: air in which there are no known contaminants at harmful concentrations as determined by cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority (80% or more) of the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction.” –ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010 pg. 3

Definitions Demand Control Ventilation (DCV): any means by which the breathing zone (Vbz) can be varied to the occupied space or spaces based on the actual or estimated number of occupants and/or ventilation requirements of the occupied zone –ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010 pg. 4

6.1.1 Ventilation Rate Procedure The following procedure for determining the minimum prescriptive ventilation rates can be used on any zone type. 6.1.1 Takes into consideration: Space type Number of Occupants Floor Area Typical contaminant sources and source strength

Ventilation Rate Procedure Breathing Zone (bz) Outdoor Airflow (OA) Vbz = RpPz + RaAz where: Rp = outdoor airflow rate required per person as determined from Table 6-1*. Pz = zone population Ra = outdoor airflow rate required per unit area as determined from Table 6-1*. Az = zone floor area *Table 6-1 from ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010

Two Parts to the Formula Type and size of space? How many people?

First Part of the Equation Rate Per Person Rp Zone Pop Pz cfm for people ASHRAE Std. 62.1 2010

Second Part Zone Rate Per Person cfm for People Pop Rp Pz Zone Rate Per Area Ra Zone Area Az cfm for Area

Vbz cfm for People cfm for Area Combined Breathing Zone Outdoor Airflow

Office Example What is the prescriptive design for outdoor air (cfm) of a 1500 square foot office with 12 occupants? Eq 6-1 : Vbz = RpPz + RaAz Design inputs for office space: Pz = 12 people Az = 1,500 square feet of floor area Vbz = (5x12) + (.06 x 1500) = 60 + 90 = 150 cfm

School Example What is the prescriptive design for outdoor air (cfm) of a 1100 square foot classroom with 30 students? Eq 6-1 : Vbz = RpPz + RaAz From Table 6-1: Rp = 10 cfm/person Ra = 0.12 cfm/ft2 Design inputs from school classroom project for ventilation: Pz = 30 people Az = 1100 square feet Vbz = (10 x 30) + (.12 x 1100) = 300 + 132 = 432 cfm

General Manufacturing Example (Excludes Heavy Industrial and processes using chemicals) What is the prescriptive design for outdoor air (cfm) of a 50,000 square foot coat hanger production facility with 20 machinists? Eq 6-1 : Vbz = RpPz + RaAz From Table 6-1: Rp = 10 cfm/person Ra = 0.18 cfm/ft2 Production facility input data: Pz = 20 people Az = 50,000 square feet of floor area Increase Vbz = (10 x 20) + (.18 x 50000) = 200 + 9,000= 9,200 cfm Notice the Area outdoor air rate (Ra) increased for a manufacturing facility.

Ventilation Rate Procedure – Zone Outdoor Airflow Voz = Vbz/Ez (Ez) The zone air distribution effectiveness shall be determined using ASHRAE Std. 62.1-2010, Table 6-2. (Partial Table)

Methods of Providing Outdoor Air to Zone Dilution Ventilation Displacement Ventilation

Poor distribution of air across classroom breathing zone Dilution Ventilation It’s important to design ventilation system to have maximum air distribution. This will help eliminate dead space and short circuiting of air flow Poor distribution of air across classroom breathing zone

Dilution Ventilation Typical in U.S. construction Outdoor air is brought into space and dilutes contaminant concentrations in the space. Adequate air mixing

Air Mass Exchange Diagram shows good air circulation providing fresh air on one end of room and exhaust pulling air out on the other end to maximize removing contaminant concentrations by displacing room temperature air across a Breathing Zone

Displacement Ventilation (DV) Uses natural convection to provide “Buoyancy-assisted forced ventilation” Effectively removes contaminants from people and objects locally ASHRAE Std. 62.1-2010 Table 6-2 recognizes DV to be 1.2 times more effective than traditional dilution ventilation Some applications measured DV to be 2 to 2.5 more effective than traditional dilution ventilation

Displacement Ventilation Using displacement ventilation and then measuring air quality of the space is an effective way to improve IAQ Often times, balancing airflow according to how effective the displacement ventilation system is can reduce required airflow by 50% This saves energy and reduces latent loads Can be achieved with Variable Speed Drives (VSD)

Demand Controlled Ventilation (DCV) “any means by which the breathing zone outdoor airflow (Vbz) can be varied to the occupied space or spaces based on the actual or estimated number of occupants and/or ventilation requirements of the occupied zone.” – ASHRAE Std. 62.1-2010 pg. 4

Example of DCV Methods EA ERV SOA Fan Relays CO2 Sensor comes on over 700 ppm and turns off under 600 ppm ERV- Energy Recovery Ventilator EA- Exhaust Air SOA- Supply Outside Air People

DCV CO2 concentrations in outdoor air generally range from 300 to 500 ppm ASHRAE std. 62.1 2007 and 2010 recognize 700 ppm of CO2 above outdoor ambient levels or 1000 to 1200 ppm to be acceptable air quality for an indoor space. Reference page 37 of Appendix C Displacement Ventilation with CO2 Demand Controlled Ventilation properly engineered and installed will keep CO2 levels well below 1000 ppm DCV can reduce runtime from 168 hours per week to 30 hours per week for a classroom. That is an 82% reduction in runtime.

Summary of Ventilation Rates Determine prescriptive design ventilation rate for zone by using Ventilation Rate Procedure Determine Method of Ventilation Dilution Displacement – up to 2.5 times more effective Choose appropriate method to control the ventilation system and monitor the contaminants of concern CO2 sensor VSD – Variable Speed Drive to reduce fan speed to balance and optimize ERV efficiency

Fan Affinity Laws Assuming fan diameter and air density are constant Eq (1) : 𝐶𝐹𝑀 2 = 𝑅𝑃𝑀 2 𝑅𝑃𝑀 1 𝑥 𝐶𝐹𝑀 1 Eq (2) : 𝑆𝑃 2 =( 𝑅𝑃𝑀 2 𝑅𝑃𝑀 1 ) 2 𝑥 𝑆𝑃 1 Eq (3) : 𝐵𝐻𝑃 2 =( 𝑅𝑃𝑀 2 𝑅𝑃𝑀 1 ) 3 𝑥 𝐵𝐻𝑃 1

Fan Affinity Laws Eq (1) : 𝐶𝐹𝑀 2 = 𝑅𝑃𝑀 2 𝑅𝑃𝑀 1 𝑥 𝐶𝐹𝑀 1 100 cfm 200 cfm @ 100 rpm 200 cfm @ 200 rpm

Fan Affinity Laws Eq (2) : 𝑆𝑃 2 =( 𝑅𝑃𝑀 2 𝑅𝑃𝑀 1 ) 2 𝑥 𝑆𝑃 1 100 cfm @ 100 rpm 200 cfm @ 200 rpm Pressure is squared 0.3 WC @ 100 rpm 0.9 WC @ 200 rpm

Fan Affinity Laws Eq (3) : 𝐵𝐻𝑃 2 =( 𝑅𝑃𝑀 2 𝑅𝑃𝑀 1 ) 3 𝑥 𝐵𝐻𝑃 1 0.3” WC @ 100 rpm 0.9” WC @ 200 rpm Energy Expended is Cubed 0.3” WC @ 1 BHP 0.9” WC @ 8 BHP

Example What is the percent difference in BHP required to run a ventilation system if alternative 2 has a 50% increase in static pressure from alternative 1? Alternative 1 Conditions: CFM = 8,000 SP = 1” in wg BHP = 5 RPM = 1000

Example Continued Rearranging Eq (2): RPM2 = SP2/SP1 x RPM1 RPM2 = 1.5/1 x 1000 = 1225 Eq (3): BHP2 = BHP1 x ( RPM2/RPM1)3 BHP2 = 5 x ( 1225/1000)3 = 9.2 BHP 9.2-5/5 = 84% Increase A 50% increase in static pressure results in an 84% increase in power consumption

Not All ERVs Are the Same ERV Features to Compare: Airflow Arrangement Thermal Effectiveness Pressure Drop Fan Efficiency Maintenance Sound Levels Cross Contamination

Heat Exchanger Airflow Arrangement ASHRAE states: Counter-flow heat exchangers are theoretically capable of achieving 100% Sensible Effectiveness* Parallel Flow heat exchangers: 50% (Max) Cross-flow heat exchangers and Enthalpy Wheels: 50-75% (Max) *Note: Source: 2012 ASHRAE Handbook – HVAC Systems and Equipment, Chapter 26: Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Equipment.

High Efficiency Fans Typical fan efficiency can range from 5 to 10 W/cfm A high efficiency fan can be expected to be approximately 0.2 W/cfm The EER of an ERV’s performance is formulated by the BTUs recovered divided by the watts of power consumed from the fan energy. BTUs Recovered Watts of Fan Power EER =

Thermal Efficiency vs. Overall Efficiency Typical ERV has an EER of around 11. High efficiency ERV can be well above 120. Combining premium Efficiency fans with High efficiency ERVs and a low static pressure system can yield great energy savings

Efficiency = Payback A short term savings in build cost is outweighed by sustainable gains over present consumption .

Maintenance Costs are Essential There’s more to a product than its initial costs and efficiency – Maintenance and efficiency equal long term and continuous ROI Corrosion resistant equipment Minimal moving parts Low static pressure Appropriate filters and size Efficient fans Location/Operation

Displacement Ventilation Demand Controlled Ventilation ERV Tools to Meet ASHRAE Std. 62.1 and Improve IAQ While Increasing Energy Efficiency, ASHRAE Std. 90.1 Displacement Ventilation Demand Controlled Ventilation CO2 controls or other contaminant monitoring sensors ERV Counter flow heat exchanger Low Pressure Drops High efficiency fans Variable Speed Drives Air balancing Better control

Questions Acceptable IAQ indoor air quality is defined as: Air in which there are no known contaminants at harmful concentrations. Conditions determined ASHRAE 62.1 Air with which a substantial majority (80% or more) of the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction.” All of the Above.

Questions Compliance with ASHRAE Standard 62.1 and an Increase in energy efficiency ASHRAE Std.90.1 can be obtained with: Displacement Ventilation Variable Speed Drives Demand Control Ventilation All of the Above.

Questions The procedure for determining the minimum prescriptive ventilation rates that can be used in any zone type takes into consideration which of the following? The number of Occupants in the space Air Class defined by ASHRAE Linear Feet of Wall space Both A and B

Questions Displacement Ventilation can best be described as: Outdoor air that is brought into a space in lieu of contaminants An Improvement of Air Classification The removal of contaminants with limited air mixing None of the Above

Questions Which calculation best represents the efficiency of an ERV? Cfm exhaust versus cfm Intake Apparent Thermal Efficiency Fan Curve and Efficiency None of the Above