Chapter 1 History of Pharmacy NEED TO UPDATE TO THIRD EDITION WORDING

Five Historical Periods Ancient Through Early Modern Era: Human prehistory to AD 1500 Empiric Era: 1600 to 1940 Industrialization Era: 1940 to 1970 Patient Care Era: 1970 to present Biotechnology and genetic engineering: The new horizon

Ancient Through Early Modern Era Leaves, mud, and cool water may have been used to stop bleeding and heal wounds Early humans would have learned from watching injured animals’ behaviors Knowledge of materials with healing properties would thus have been passed down through the tribes

Egyptian Contributions Medical information was documented on clay tablets around 2600 BC The Ebers Papyrus, written around 1500 BC, contained formulas for more than 800 remedies Each tribe would have had had a designated person who was the equivalent of a priest, pharmacist, and physician all in one

Mesopotamian and Chinese Contributions The earliest known record of the practice of pharmacy occurred in Mesopotamia around 2600 BC Herbs were the predominant form of curatives

Greek and Roman Contributions Hippocrates, the “father of medicine,” liberated medicine from the belief that disease had spiritual causes Theophrastus, the “father of botany,” classified plants by their various parts Mithridates studied the adverse effects of plants and later became known as the “father of toxicology” (continues)

Greek and Roman Contributions The Romans organized medical and pharmaceutical knowledge The Romans converted theories into scientific rules The Romans, as well as the Greeks, were responsible for preparing their own prescriptions (continues)

Greek and Roman Contributions Dioscorides began the transition of the Greek system of knowledge into the Roman system of science; he is known as the “father of pharmacology” (continues)

Greek and Roman Contributions Galen, a Greek physician, wrote On the Art of Healing, and he was very critical of physicians who did not prepare their own remedies Cosmos and Damien, the patron saints of pharmacy and medicine, practiced both disciplines around AD 300, successfully curing many different illnesses without charging a fee

Arabian Contributions Formularies — continuation of documentation of drug information Dosage forms — syrups, conserves, confections, and juleps Pharmacy shops — privately owned shops first appeared in Baghdad around AD 762 Hospital pharmacies ― followed in Marrakech around AD 1190

Formalization of the Pharmacy Profession One of Europe’s first universities was established in Salerno; it was responsible for major contributions to pharmacy and medicine Emperor Frederick II issued the Magna Carta of Pharmacy, separating pharmacy from medicine Guilds of pharmacists were established (continues)

Formalization of the Pharmacy Profession A Swiss physician, Paracelsus, contradicted the Galenic theories of botanical orientation to medicine with his own theories based on chemicals Monasteries hosted their own pharmacies Germany became the first nation-state to governmentally regulate its pharmacies (continues)

Formalization of the Pharmacy Profession Pharmacists who worked for royal families provided specialized services, and they were known as apothecaries New medicinal herbal substances, plants, trees, and seeds began to be used Better documentation of this new knowledge began to occur (continues)

Formalization of the Pharmacy Profession Pharmacy became separated from medicine Regulation of pharmacy began University education of pharmacists was now required Larger quantities of known and new drugs were imported from the New World and Asia New chemical medicines were introduced

Empiric Era Pharmacopeias listed standardized medicines and became the regulatory tools of government Existing medications were questioned and tested to establish their actual effectiveness In the 18th century, pharmacy began to develop in the colonies of the New World

Pharmacy in the New World In 1751, Benjamin Franklin started the first hospital in America Jonathan Roberts was the first hospital pharmacist William Proctor introduced control into the practice of pharmacy in the New World The use of laudanum resulted in many cases of opium addiction The first pharmacy technicians emerged as pharmacy clerks

History of Vaccinations Edward Jenner, the “father of immunology”, established the first vaccine – it was used for smallpox Louis Pasteur pioneered the destruction of bacteria via pasteurization, and aided in developing vaccines Emil Adolf von Behring was instrumental in developing the DPT and tetanus vaccines

Industrialization Era Large numbers of war-related injuries led to the growth of industrial manufacturing in order to meet the need for pharmaceutical products Firms other than the pharmacies themselves began centralized manufacturing of medicinal preparations

Industrialization Era The periods of development of manufacturing pharmacy began as follows: Formative (1867) Botanical (1875) Standardization (1882) Biological (1895) Organic Chemical Synthesis (1883) Hormones (1901) Vitamins (1909) Antibiotics (1940) (continues)

Industrialization Era Many retail pharmacists protested the industrialization of manufacturing Industrialization brought about: Biologically prepared products Complex chemical synthesis Increased use of parenteral medications Standardized manufacturing Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 (continues)

Industrialization Era The pharmaceutical industry created new needs, to the advantage of retail pharmacy Retail pharmacy has proved to be indispensable and irreplaceable as the fitting and distributing agency of medicinal products Manufacturing and retail pharmacy are two branches of the same tree

Patient Care Era Increased concentration on rational, targeted research through the use of computers Expanding arsenal of available medicines Well-coordinated teams of scientists and other professions such as statisticians and financial managers worked together (continues)

Patient Care Era Multiple drug therapy led to adverse reactions, interactions, and therapeutic outcomes that were greater than or less than desired Patient-focused drug therapy evolved, centered on drug control or drug monitoring C.D. Hepler established the concept of pharmaceutical in the late 1980s (continues)

Patient Care Era A pharmacist’s education must now focus on human behavior as it relates to providing practiced, patient-focused care

The New Horizon Biotechnology is the use of microorganisms to produce drugs, hormones, and other products Genetic engineering is the scientific alteration of the structure of genetic material in a living organism Research into gene therapy and genetic defects has greatly increased (continues)

The New Horizon Recombinant DNA technology is producing new medications based on the patient’s genetic makeup Some medications that come from natural sources, such as insulin, are prone to producing allergies Genetic research is involved in the pursuit of cures for major diseases such as cancer