Cell Biology

Cell Theory 1. All living things are made up of a cell or cells 2. All cells come from pre-existing cells 2. All cells carry out all life processes An exception to cell theory is the VIRUS

Organelle and functions An organelle is a specialized sub unit of a cell. How many can we list?

Animal Versus Plant Cells Plant cells have cell WALLS, animal cells have cell membranes Plant cells have chlorophyll/ chloroplast, animals don't Plant cells have large Vacuoles Animal cells have cilia and centrosomes, plants don't

Crash Course: Animal Cells https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cj8dDTHGJBY

Scale of the Universe http://scaleofuniverse.com/

Cell Membrane vs Cell Wall A plant's cell wall is mostly for shape and structure.

Cell Membrane vs Cell Wall The cell membrane is made of two layers of phospholipids and some chunks of proteins It has many different functions.

The cell membrane separates the cell from the exterior environment. It controls which molecules move in and out of the cell. It shows selective permeability- only some molecules can pass through it such as water and some ions. This is called passive transport.

Diffusion or passive transport is the movement of materials from a region of higher to lower concentration of molecules. It is like the movement of perfume molecules around a room or the movement of people from the city to New Paltz.

Diffusion

Hypo/hyper/isotonic solutions (when will the cell shrink/blow up)

Large molecules such as starch or protein need to be moved by active transport but it needs to find a transport site to succeed.

Energy is needed (in the form of ATP) to draw a large molecule across the cell membrane. In active transport, molecules move from a region of lower concentration to higher concentration.

Crash Course on Cell Membranes and Transport https://www. youtube

https://www. youtube. com/watch https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8 Overview of Cell Biology (animation) -intro to respiration and photosynthesis

Chemical Respiration Organisms get energy by breaking chemical bonds in sugar molecules. Two types: Aerobic Respiration requires oxygen. Makes lots of energy efficiently! Anaerobic Respiration uses no oxygen. Terrible source of energy.

ATP Crash Course on ATP and Energy

ATP The released energy of chemical respiration is used to make ATP. ATP stands for Adenosine Tri phosphate. Its a molecule that stores chemical energy in bonds for later use by the cell. It gives all organisms their energy.

ATP Made in the mitochondria (the power house of the cell) of both plants and animals. Made from ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate), phosphate and glucose (food energy). Formula: ADP + P + Food Energy  ATP + H2O

ATP The energy stored in ATP is later released by hydrolysis to make energy. Formula: ATP + H2O  ADP + P + Energy

Anaerobic Respiration (also called fermentation) Only 2 ATP molecules are made for every glucose molecule. Two types: Bacteria and your muscles after a hard workout. Formula: Glucose  2 Lactic Acid + 2 ATP  

Anaerobic Respiration (also called fermentation) Lactic acid is produced as an end product to this type of respiration. You've experienced the effect of lactic acid build up in your muscles. It is what gives us that burning sensation which stops muscles from performing at their best.

Anaerobic Respiration (also called fermentation) 2. Yeast cells Formula: Glucose  2 alcohols + 2 carbon dioxide + 2 ATP Alcohol and carbon dioxide are the end products which is used to make alcoholic beverages and rise dough!

Aerobic Respiration 36 ATP molecules are made from every glucose molecule. Formula: C6H12O6 + 6O2  6H20 + 6 CO2 + 36 ATP The end products are Carbon Dioxide and Water.

Aerobic Respiration Video on ATP and Respiration

Photosynthesis Green plants get their energy from the sun!! Photosynthesis is a process where sunlight and carbon dioxide is converted into sugar.

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the opposite reaction of chemical aerobic respiration. Formula: 6 CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Note the by product of oxygen! We would not survive without plants.

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts. Plants change their orientation depending on the amount of light hitting the leaf! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=idxwLae3Mf0 Guess which wavelength of color is NOT absorbed by chloroplasts? Here is a hint: the color an object reflects is actually the color you see! Green. Actually plants prefer blue and red wavelengths.

Photosynthesis Oxygen and carbon dioxide get in and out of the cell through an opening on the underside of leaves called stomata it is sort of like our lungs.

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis happens day and night in two different steps: Light Reaction: Light splits water into hydrogen and oxygen in the chlorophyll and makes energy. Formula: 2 H2O -> (LIGHT) -> 2 H2 + O2 + ATP  

Photosynthesis Dark Reaction: Energy (from the light reaction) and carbon dioxide join to create GLUCOSE Formula: ATP + 3 CO2 + 6 H2 -> C6H1206 Note: no light is needed for this step

Photosynthesis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQK3Yr4Sc_k