Unit 5: Cells Chapter 5

Unicellular vs Multicellular The cells of multicellular organisms have adapted to perform specific functions. Bacteria, Protozoans, some algae & yeasts. Carry out life’s functions within 1 cell!

What do all cells have in common? Cell membrane (thin, flexible barrier surrounding the cell) Cytoplasm (fluid within the cell) Ribosomes (make proteins) Genetic Material (DNA)

There are 2 Basic Cell Types Prokaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic Cells

Basic Cell Types Prokaryotic Cells (Pro means “Before”) cell membrane cytoplasm Basic Cell Types Prokaryotic Cells (Pro means “Before”) cell membrane (& cell wall) cytoplasm Ribosomes genetic material (lack a nucleus) all bacteria Genetic Material Cell membrane

Eukaryotic Cells- “Eu means Nu” cell membrane (some types have cell wall but not all) cytoplasm Ribosomes Genetic material- true nucleus And membrane bound organelles- Specialized structures within the cell that perform specific jobs all animal, plant, fungi and protists

EU (YOU) ARE A EUKARYOTE!

Bacteria is a prokaryote NO!!!!! Bacteria is a prokaryote

A Closer Look at the Cell Objective Describe the main functions of each cell structure

Cell Membrane The selectively permeable outer boundary of a cell

Cytoplasm Fluid within cell where MOST chemical reactions take place

Nucleus Controls cell processes Contains DNA deoxyribose nucleic acid codes for protein and other molecules

Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins. The nucleus stores genetic information.

Chromatin Chromosomes Nucleolus Nuclear Envelope DNA bound to protein, relaxed Chromosomes chromatin condenses during cell division Nucleolus make ribosomes Nuclear Envelope 2 layers with pores that allow for the passage of material

What part of the cell holds all the information needed for the cell to do its job? Nucleus Animal Cell

Cell Wall Plants, bacteria, fungi, algae Provides structure and protection Gas and water exchange Plants - made of the polysaccharide cellulose

Cytoskeleton Network of protein filaments- cell skeleton Microtubules- Intracellular Movement moves organelles important during cell division Microfilaments- Maintains cell shape and Cell Movement

The cytoskeleton of the cell allows the cell to move and also helps organelles to move within the cell

Centrioles are tubes made of microtubules. Centrioles help divide DNA. Only found in animal cells

Tracks for organelle movement

Transportation

Ribosomes Use genetic information to make protein found free in cytoplasm or on RER

Endoplasmic Reticulum 2 types Rough and Smooth Rough contain ribosomes certain proteins are made & transported Smooth-No ribosomes Synthesis (to make) of lipids

Synthesis means to make Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins. The nucleus stores genetic information. Many processes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum.

There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum. rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi Bodies Sort and packages proteins from RER Forms a membrane around proteins Construct Lysosomes

Lysosomes Contain digestive enzymes that breakdown large molecules into smaller molecules “Suicide Sacs” fuse with vacuoles containing food obtained by phagocytosis and will fuse with old organelles to destruct them have a membrane originally part of a Golgi body

Lysosomes digest food and break down dead organelles small food particle Lysosomes filled w/ digestive enzymes vesicle

Lysosomes digest food and break down dead organelles digesting broken organelles small food particle digesting food

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120067/bio01.swf

is a form of endocytosis (Remember Unit 4)

Enzyme/Proteins that are made initially on ribosomes

Recycling

Lysosomes contain enzymes to digest material.

Vesicles are membrane-bound sacs that hold and move materials between cell parts and to and from cell membrane.

Mitochondria Convert food/glucose into high-energy compounds (ATP) that the cell uses to power growth, development and movement 2 membranes Contains own DNA

How do animal cells get their energy? Mitochondria are able to release energy from glucose (food) in the cell so that it forms usable energy packets called ATP Mitochondria Animal Cell

How do plant cells get their energy? Mitochondria are able to release energy from glucose (food) in the cell so that it forms usable energy packets called ATP in plants, too! Chloroplasts trap light energy and form glucose by combining carbon dioxide, water and energy during photosynthesis Chloroplast Plant Cell

Mitochondria are in both cells!! animal cells plant cells chloroplast mitochondria

I wish I had more mitochondria in my muscle cells right about NOW!

Vacuoles Storage units for water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates Found in both plants and animals Provide support for plants “ pools of water”

So what is the difference between a vacuole, vesicle, and lysosome So what is the difference between a vacuole, vesicle, and lysosome? They are all circular structures in an animal. Vacuole Store materials like water, salts, Proteins and sugars Contain digestive enzymes that help break down lipids, sugars and proteins. also break down dead cell parts Move materials between cell parts and to and from the cell membrane Lysosome Vesicle

Contractile Vacuoles Many unicellular freshwater protists have a contractile vacuole to help maintain osmotic balance.

http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week7/paramecium.mov

http://video. google. com/videoplay http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8154753558707934174&q=cell+biology+%2B+google&total=68&start=30&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=4

Vacuoles are fluid-filled sacs that hold materials.

Chloroplasts Found in plants and algae photosynthesis Contains DNA 2 Membranes

Identify the cell organelles of Animal Cells (Eukaryotic) 1 2 5 Cell Membrane Vacuole Nucleus Ribosome Mitochondria ER Golgi Body Animal Cell

Identify the Structures of the Plant Cell (Eukaryotic) Nucleus Cell Wall Vacuole Chloroplast Cell Membrane Ribosomes 9 Mitochondria

Similarities and differences between Plant and Animal Cells Plant cell

Similarities and Differences Respiration (breakdown of Glucose Contain a membrane to let some things in and some things out Have DNA in nucleus for information for traits Contain similar structures Differences Plant cells carry on Photosynthesis and have green chloroplasts. Plant cells also have a Cell wall and large Vacuole Animal cells have Centrioles (cell division)

Animal Cells Contain Centrioles (microtubules in cylinders that helps cell to divide) Lack Chloroplasts, Cell Wall & Large Central Vacuole.

Plant Cells Contain Chloroplast (Chlorophyll), Cell Walls and Large Central Vacuole. Lack centrioles

Symbiotic Theory Sometime during evolution, prokaryotic cells were engulfed by other cells to become the ancestors of eukaryotes. Evidence: Chloroplasts and Mitochondria have their own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes

Keep in mind that cells are protein building machines. one of the major job of cells is to make proteins, because… proteins do all the work! structural enzymes signals receptors DNA proteins cells

endoplasmic reticulum nucleus protein on its way! DNA TO: RNA vesicle TO: TO: vesicle ribosomes TO: protein finished protein Golgi apparatus Making Proteins