The Endocrine System: Anatomy and Physiology Made up of glands located throughout body Remove, concentrate, or alter materials from blood Secrete them back into body

The Endocrine System: Anatomy and Physiology Glands secrete proteins called hormones. Regulate mood, growth and development, tissue function, metabolism, sexual development Steroid hormone diffuses through cell membrane Non steroidal hormone binds to receptors in cell membrane

The Endocrine System: Anatomy and Physiology Prostaglandins are lipids that stimulate hormone secretion. Hormones increase or decrease the rate of cellular metabolism. Agonists trigger a cell to produce an action. Antagonists block the action of agonists.

The Pituitary Gland and the Hypothalamus Pituitary gland is the “master gland” Its secretions control those of other endocrine glands. Hypothalamus regulates function of the pituitary gland

The Pituitary Gland and the Hypothalamus Pituitary gland is divided Anterior pituitary Posterior pituitary

The Pituitary Gland and the Hypothalamus

The Thyroid Gland Large gland at base of neck Parathyroid glands Manufactures and secretes hormones that have role in growth, development, metabolism Secretes calcitonin Maintains calcium and potassium levels in blood Parathyroid glands Secrete parathyroid hormone (opposite effect of calcitonin)

The Pancreas Produces insulin and glucagon Insulin causes uptake and metabolism of sugar, fatty acids, amino acids Glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose. Also stimulates liver and kidneys to produce glucose

The Pancreas Conditions in which this system may fail: Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) Diabetes mellitus

The Adrenal Glands Located on top of each kidney Secrete: Sex hormones Hormones vital in maintaining water and salt balance Adrenaline Epinephrine and norepinephrine

The Adrenal Glands Adrenal cortex produces corticosteroid hormones Cortisol helps balance blood glucose. Adrenal medulla produces catecholamines Hormones that increase heart and respiratory rates and blood pressure

The Adrenal Glands Diseases of the adrenal cortex include: Addison’s disease Cells of the adrenal cortex are recognized as foreign and are then destroyed. Cushing’s syndrome Generally results from pharmacologic doses of cortisone