Zumdahl Zumdahl DeCoste World of CHEMISTRY

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Chapter 11 Modern Atomic Theory Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 11.1: The Rutherford atom. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Figure 11.2: A seagull floating on the ocean moves up and down as waves pass. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 11.3: The wavelength of a wave. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 11.5: Electromagnetic radiation. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 11.6: Photons of red and blue light. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Figure 11.8: An excited lithium atom emitting a photon of red light to drop to a lower energy state. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Figure 11.9: A sample of H atoms receives energy from an external source. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 11.9: The excited atoms release energy by emitting photons. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 11.10: An excited H atom returns to a lower energy level. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 11.11: Colors and wavelengths of photons in the visible region. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Figure 11.12: The color of the photon emitted depends on the energy change that produces it. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Figure 11.13: Each photon emitted corresponds to a particular energy change. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 11.14: Continuous and discrete energy levels. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Figure 11.15: The difference between continuous and quantized energy levels. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 11.17: The Bohr model of the hydrogen atom. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 11.18: A representation of the photo of the firefly experiment. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 11.19: The orbital that describes the hydrogen electron in its lowest possible energy state. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 11.20: The hydrogen 1s orbital. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Figure 11.21: The first four principle energy levels in the hydrogen atom. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 11.22: How principal levels can be divided into sublevels. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Figure 11.23: Principal level 2 shown divided into the 2s and 2p sublevels. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Figure 11.24: The relative sizes of the 1s and 2s orbitals of hydrogen. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 11.25: The three 2p orbitals. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 11.26: Diagram of principal energy levels 1 and 2. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Figure 11.27: Relative sizes of the spherical 1s, 2s, and 3s orbitals of hydrogen. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 11.28: The shapes and labels of the five 3d orbitals. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Figure 11.30: Partial electron configurations for the elements potassium through krypton. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Figure 11.31: Orbitals being filled for elements in various parts of the periodic table. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Figure 11.34: Periodic table with atomic symbols, atomic numbers, and partial electron configurations. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Figure 11.35: Classification of elements as metals, nonmetals, and matalloids. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 11.36: Relative atomic sizes for selected atoms. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.