English economist, born in London, fellow and later professor of political economy at Cambridge, the dominant figure in British economics in his time. Although he wrote infrequently, his teaching at Cambridge was a major source of influence on his contemporaries. An able mathematician, he sought to express himself in the simplest language possible, adding the mathematical and quantitative material as appendices and footnotes. Like Irving Fisher, he wanted his works to be read and understood by businessmen as well as by students and colleagues. Marshall’s partial equilibrium analysis—the chief element of his method—was designed to be appropriate to a dynamic or biological view of economic life. His welfare economics was of central importance, since his decision to take up economics originated in a moral purpose, and his general conclusion was that a redistribution of income from rich to poor would increase total satisfaction. His main works are his Principles of Economics (1890) and Industry and Trade (1919). Alfred Marshall (1842-1924)