of the French Revolution The Radical Stages of the French Revolution (1792—1794) Declaration of Pilnitz The Girondins National ‘Convention’ The Monarchists “levee en masse” The Jacobins Treason The Committee of Public Safety The Guillotine Maximilien de Robespierre

The Radical Stages of the French Revolution: 1792—1794 “Aspirations to Equality”

The Political Spectrum liberal Status quo conservative “seeking more change” “keep things the same”

“. . . . Every citizen has the right to seize conspirators and counter-revolutionaries and to arraign them before magistrates. He is required to denounce them when he knows of them.”

The Declaration of Pilnitz, August, 1791 “His Majesty the Emperor [of Austria] and His Majesty the King of Prussia…declare that the situation in which His Majesty the King of France is in is an object of common interest to all the sovereigns of Europe. [We are therefore] resolved to act promptly in a mutual agreement with the necessary forces in order to obtain the proposed and common goal.” The Declaration of Pilnitz, August, 1791 (An attempt by Austria and Prussia to curb the French threat to the stability of Europe.)

The National ‘Convention’ Assembly becomes Convention 3 groups in it: The Feuillants, the Girondins, and the Jacobins.

The Political Spectrum (…again!) liberal moderate conservative “seeking more change” “will accept some change” “keep things the same” The Jacobins The Girondins The Feuillants

The National ‘Convention’ Peasants—NO representation “Levee en masse”

“Radicalization of the Rev.” April, 1792—National Convention declares war on all opposed to the Revolution (monarchists) August, 1792—Feuillants are forced out Now a two party Convention (Girondins and Jacobins)

“Radicalization of the Rev.” September, 1792—Convention declares France a Republic. December, 1792—King Louis XVI was placed on trial for “violating the liberties of his subjects” treason. He is sentenced to death by beheading.

The Guillotine Used to behead those convicted of treason. 16 000 people were put to death this way by the end of 1799. Often 60 people a day were guillotined in front of large crowds. Beheading was considered the most humane method of execution. But was it really?

The Execution of King Louis XVI (January 21, 1793, 10:22 am)

The Old Way

History.com: The Guillotine

The Reign of Terror The King’s execution immediately sparks war in Europe. April, 1793—Jacobins and Committee of Public Safety Protects France from Europe. Its leader is Maximilien de Robespierre

Maximilien de Robespierre September, 1793—Robespierre granted emergency power to The Committee to “detain those suspected as enemies (spies) of the Republic.” 100 000 people were arrested. Those BELIEVED guilty, were executed. By summer 1794, Robespierre’s had so much power that he was feared now by the people who did the killings. He was executed by guillotine on July 27, 1794.

What happens next? Napoleon Bonaparte