Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research Behavioral and psychological outcomes for dogs sold as puppies through pet stores and/or born in commercial breeding establishments: Current knowledge and putative causes  Franklin D. McMillan  Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research  Volume 19, Pages 14-26 (May 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2017.01.001 Copyright © 2017 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Relative frequency of behavior problems in dogs from less-responsible breeders compared with dogs from responsible breeders for 3 breeds of dogs. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research 2017 19, 14-26DOI: (10.1016/j.jveb.2017.01.001) Copyright © 2017 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Chronology of developmental periods, living environment, and stressors in the United States. The age at which the puppies leave the breeding facility is often considerably earlier in other countries (and may also be earlier in the United States if there is not strict adherence to applicable law). Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research 2017 19, 14-26DOI: (10.1016/j.jveb.2017.01.001) Copyright © 2017 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions