CH 21 American, French, Haitian Revolutions MR Pack

CH 21 Enlightenment- following Renaissance/ Scientific Revolution, belief in natural laws Period referred to as “age of isms” Deism- - belief that divine force created world but does not interfere Nationalism- intense loyalty to your culture Thomas Hobbes (book Leviathon) John Locke (book Two treatises of Government) come up with idea of Social Contract- people give up rights to “absolute monarch” in exchange for law and order

CH 21 Locke argues natural rights “life, liberty and pursuit of property” Locke- people born with blank slate (tabula rasa) Mary Wollstonecraft (Vindication of the rights of women) Montesquieu (Spirit of Laws) argues for a governmental system of checks and balances

Locke, Wollstonecraft, Montesquieu

CH 21 Voltaire (Candide) he championed civil liberties Dierdot- collects encyclopedia Rousseau- Social Contract, sovereign (ruler) must carry out the will of the population Adam Smith- (The Wealth of Nations) favors capitalism and free trade (laissez faire) that governments should not regulate economy

CH 21 American Revolution- 1) “no taxation without representation”- colonists taxed because Britain in deb from “French and Indian War” (Tea Act, Stamp Act) War ends in 1783 with Treaty of Paris Americas first government- Articles of Confederation (weak central govt, no president or authority to tax) 1788- Adopted United States Constitution

Stamp Act, Stamp Act propaganda

CH 21 French Revolution French Revolution- Popular writings emphasize liberty, equality, and fraternity France in debt- First estate (clergy) Second Estate (nobility) Third Estate ( peasants, workers, middle class [bourgeoisie] pay 98% of the tax

CH 21 French Revolution King Louis XVI (rule 1774-1792) – needs more taxes, calls for Estates-General to meet in 1789. First and Second Estate out votes Third Estate Third Estate calls for a “National Assembly” (one vote per member, not estate) on the tennis court (tennis court oath)- also wants to limit King’s power

CH21 King threatens to arrest National Assembly leaders- mob storms the Bastille (July 4 1789) Mob of women march of King’s palace (starvation) King accepts new National Assembly- feudalism abolished, “Declaration OF THE Rights of Man” Civil Constitution of the Clergy- places church under state control, limits privileges

CH21 Reign of Terror begins- Louis XVI beheaded by guillotine Prussia and Austria at war with France during reign of terror, after execution Britain, Holland and Spain join against France. Committee of Public Safety- Maximilien Robespierre- uses death penalty to those who are not supportive of new government, forced conscription ( levee en masse)

Louis XIV, Robespierre

CH21 Olympia de Gouges wrote “Declaration of the rights of women and the female citizen”- then executed by guillotine 1794 Robespierre beheaded 1795- new government The Directory takes power Reforms- natural rights, slavery abolished, primogeniture abolished, education reform Nationalism spreads across Europe

CH21 Masses allow Napoleon to rise to power after a coup in 1799 by 1804 Napoleon was a single ruler Napoleons reforms- 1) reformed tax code to be more equal 2)Law code (Code of Napoleon) citizens equal, freedom of religion, trial by jury 3) Set up public school system

CH21 4) Sponsored Archaeological digs around the world 5 Established French Legion of Honor and promoted government and military based on merit Napoleon was despot- internal spies, censorship of press

CH21 Napoleon t he General- defeated Prussia, Russia and Austria. Relatives became rulers of “satellite” nations. Fall of Napoleon- 1) Could not defeat British- Napoleon tried to enforce “Continental System” (embargo on trade with British) other countries did not comply 2) Campaign failures- Peninsular campaign (Spain and Portugal) and Russia (only 100,000 of 600,00 troops returned most died of typhus, or weather)

CH21 In 1814 France is conquered , Napoleon exiled to island of Elba by Klaus Von Metternich (Prime Minister of Austria). Congress of Vienna- restore boundaries, protect monarchy and dynasty. Napoleon returns (100 days) defeated at Waterloo by Duke of Wellington

CH21 Haitian Revolution Former slaves (Maroons) revolt against masters Rebellion lead by Toussaint L’Ouverture in 1791 1801- After taking control L’Ouverture produced constitution guaranteeing equality and citizenship, declared himself governor for life, made Haiti independent from France and enacted land reform

Napoleon, Toussaint L’Overture

CH21 Haitian Revolution France betrays and captures L’Ouverture, executed in 1803 In 1804 outbreak of yellow fever causes French to withdraw from France Haiti first country in Latin America to win Independence