Chapter 8 lesson 4 Section 5: Gender Development NOTE: To change the image on this slide, select the picture and delete it. Then click the Pictures icon in the placeholder to insert your own image. Section 5: Gender Development Section 6: Moral Development Section 7: Death, Dying, and Grieving Section 8: Active Development as a Lifelong Process

5. Gender Development Gender

A. Biology and Gender Development

B. Cognitive Aspects of Gender Development Gender Schema framework for understanding male/female Social Learning: reinforcement, punishment, observational learning, modeling

C. Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development Gender Roles expectations for how males/females should act, feel and think. Cultural differences Gender Similarities Hypothesis Males & females are more similar than different.

D. Nature and Nurture Revisited: The John/Joan Case

6. Moral Development

A. Kohlberg’s Theory Preconventional Conventional Postconventional presented moral dilemmas and analyzed responses Preconventional behavior guided by punishments and rewards Conventional standards learned from parents and society Postconventional contracts, rights and abstract principles Suggestion: Have class work through one of Kohlberg’s moral dilemmas. Note: Because Kohlberg’s theory parallels Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, it may be helpful to point out the similarities / overlap. Note: Instructors should point out that as moral development proceeds, morality shifts from being externally controlled to internally controlled Photo credit: © Lee Lockwood/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images, PhotoLink/Getty Images (c) McGraw-Hill Education Permission required for reproduction or display

Misses other Reasoning Styles B. Critics of Kohlberg Misses other Reasoning Styles justice perspective (men) < Kohlberg care perspective (women) < Gilligan etc. (liberty, loyalty, purity…) Moral Reasoning ≠ Moral Behavior what we say and do are not always consistent. (c) McGraw-Hill Education Permission required for reproduction or display

C. Moral Development in a Socioemotional Context Prosocial Behavior supportive parenting peers, schools, culture cognition & personality Conscience Formation forms by age 3 and carries over into adulthood parent-child interactions clear, elaborate, rich with emotional content shared positive emotion Photo credit: Jupiterimages (c) McGraw-Hill Education Permission required for reproduction or display

Moral Development Parenting Strategies Associated with Morality in Children: warm and supportive rather than harsh reasoning with child when disciplining help child learn to take others’ perspective involve child in decision making model moral behavior and thinking Photo credit: Comstock/Jupiter Images (c) McGraw-Hill Education Permission required for reproduction or display

7. Death, Dying, and Grieving A. Terror Management Theory Earnest Becker Cultural shield against anticipated death B. Kübler-Ross’s Stages of Dying Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance (c) McGraw-Hill Education Permission required for reproduction or display

7. Death, Dying, and Grieving (2) C. Bonanno’s Theory of Grieving Resilience Recovery Chronic dysfunction Delayed grief or trauma (c) McGraw-Hill Education Permission required for reproduction or display Photo credit: Photostock/Superstock

D. Carving Meaning Out of the Reality of Death

8. Active Development as a Lifelong Process Active Developer Shaped by confronting significant life events coping with stress openness to change (c) McGraw-Hill Education Permission required for reproduction or display