The influence of sleep deprivation and oscillating motion on sleepiness, motion sickness, and cognitive and motor performance  Janna Kaplan, Joel Ventura, Avijit Bakshi, Alberto Pierobon, James R. Lackner, Paul DiZio  Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical  Volume 202, Pages 86-96 (January 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2016.08.019 Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Schematic illustration of the parallel swing used to produce horizontal linear oscillation. For clarity, the drive system and the curtain surrounding the test station are not shown. A duplicate test station was mounted on the floor of the laboratory, allowing for simultaneous testing of an oscillating and a stationary subject. Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical 2017 202, 86-96DOI: (10.1016/j.autneu.2016.08.019) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Schedule of test sessions and sleep periods for the two-day experiment and timeline for individual test sessions. Abbreviations are: Stat=stationary, Swing=0.28Hz horizontal oscillation at 0.45m amplitude; S1–9=sessions 1 (pre-sleep) to 9; MS Graybiel=Graybiel diagnostic criteria; Nausea (1−10)=subjective nausea rating; TDT=texture discrimination task; PVT=psychomotor vigilance task. Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical 2017 202, 86-96DOI: (10.1016/j.autneu.2016.08.019) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Plots of Stanford Sleepiness Scale scores (mean and standard error) per session for the four experimental groups. Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical 2017 202, 86-96DOI: (10.1016/j.autneu.2016.08.019) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 A. Plot of Stanford Sleepiness Scale scores averaged across sessions for the four experimental groups. B. Plot of maximum nausea rating scores averaged across sessions for the four experimental groups. Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical 2017 202, 86-96DOI: (10.1016/j.autneu.2016.08.019) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Plots of the maximum nausea rating per session (mean and standard error) for the four experimental groups. Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical 2017 202, 86-96DOI: (10.1016/j.autneu.2016.08.019) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Plots of performance in the TDT test with presentation of stimuli in random quadrants for the four experimental groups. The mean and 95% confidence intervals across each day are shown for the threshold inter-stimulus interval for 80% correct detection of stimulus orientation and for the proportion of errors in identifying the fixation target. Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical 2017 202, 86-96DOI: (10.1016/j.autneu.2016.08.019) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 Plots of the number of subjects paused or stopped due to a nausea rating of 5 or higher on a 1–10 scale during exposure to horizontal linear oscillation for the rested and sleep deprived groups. Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical 2017 202, 86-96DOI: (10.1016/j.autneu.2016.08.019) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions