RNA and Protein Synthesis

SWBAT Define a gene and explain its function Genes

Genes Coded DNA instructions Control the production of proteins First step is to copy part of the nucleotide from DNA to RNA

SWBAT compare and contrast DNA and RNA

DNA Structure Review Double Stranded 3 part Subunit- Nucleotides

DNA Structure Review Double Stranded 3 part Subunit- Nucleotides “Deoxyribose” Sugar Phosphate Group Nitrogenous Bases Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine

RNA Structure Long chain of nucleotide monomers Single stranded Copy of DNA information that can leave the nucleus

RNA Structure Long chain of nucleotide monomers Single stranded Copy of DNA information that can leave the nucleus Nucleotide: 5-Carbon sugar (ribose) Phosphate group Nitrogenous bases Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Adenine (A) Uracil (U)

Function of… in Protein Synthesis DNA RNA Stores genetic information An instruction manual for building proteins Transmit genetic information to help build proteins

Function of… in Protein Synthesis DNA RNA Stores genetic information An instruction manual for building proteins Transmit genetic information to help build proteins

OBJ: list the types and functions of RNA Types of RNA

Types of RNA Most important job is protein synthesis Assemble amino acids into proteins

IMPORTANT INFORMATION ENCLOSED! Types of RNA Three main types: Messenger RNA (mRNA) – carries the instructions from DNA out of the nucleus to the ribosome To: Ribosomes IMPORTANT INFORMATION ENCLOSED! Handle with care! From: D. Ribonucleic Acid Nucleus Ave I made it through the Nuclear Envelope!

Types of RNA Three main types: Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – makes up the ribosome and is used to assemble the proteins at the ribosome I build Proteins out of Amino Acids!

Types of RNA Three main types: Transfer RNA (tRNA) – transfers each amino acid to the ribosome as needed by the code of the RNA molecule Boss says he needs this one! Amino Acid tRNA

Protein Synthesis mRNA rRNA tRNA

Protein Synthesis mRNA rRNA tRNA

Protein Synthesis mRNA rRNA tRNA

Protein Synthesis mRNA rRNA tRNA

Protein Synthesis mRNA rRNA tRNA

RNA types

OBJ: describe the structure and functions of proteins in an organism

Genes and Proteins Genes = the instructions for assembling a specific protein Proteins are built out of Amino Acids

Genes and Proteins Proteins are enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions can control the color of flowers determine the surface structure of your blood cells to determine your blood type

DNA -> Proteins DNA -> Genes Genes instruct Amino Acid Sequences Amino Acids make up Proteins (enzymes) Bioluminescent http://youtu.be/IDkSDPgrtjs

Protein Synthesis

OBJ: generate an overview of transcription and translation using the base pairing rules. OBJ: explain the process and location of transcription with the use of enzymes. Transcription

Transcription RNA molecule is copied from a DNA segment (gene); this is a complimentary RNA strand

Transcription RNA molecule is copied from a DNA segment (gene); this is a complimentary RNA strand Requires Enzyme RNA Polymerase Uses one strand as a template to form an RNA strand

Transcription (cont’d) RNA Polymerase will only bind to the DNA strand in areas where there is a promoter (specific base sequences) signals in the DNA that tell the RNA polymerase where to bind These signals also cause transcription to stop when certain signals are read

OBJ: explain the process and location of translation with the use of enzymes. OBJ: utilize the genetic code to determine the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain Translation

Translation nucleotide base sequence in mRNA code for the sequence of amino acids to be assembled into a protein (polypeptide) The ribosome reads the code and assembles the amino acids in the correct sequence to build the protein Where? Ribosomes

Steps of Translation Step 1: mRNA is transcribed from DNA in the nucleus, and enters the cytoplasm

Steps of Translation Step 2: mRNA attaches to a ribosome

Steps of Translation Step 3: as mRNA moves through the ribosome, the proper amino acid is brought to the ribosome by the tRNA Anticodon on tRNA pairs up with its complimentary codon attached to the anticodon is the amino acid

Steps of Translation The ribosome forms a peptide bond between the amino acids, and breaks the bond between the tRNA and the amino acid

The Genetic Code DNA determines the order of amino acids Codon= 3 letter combination Each codon specifies a particular amino acid (i.e. AUG = methionine)

Genetic Code (cont’d) 4 bases = 64 different possible base codons 20 different Amino Acids (some codons overlap) Each codon only specifies one amino acid (i.e. CCC is Proline and is not used for any other amino acid)

Start inside, work your way out

Translation (cont’d) Protein grows until a stop codon is read and the protein breaks free mRNA is ready to assemble another protein (polypeptide)

Roles of DNA and RNA DNA : instruction manual for the synthesis of proteins RNA: facilitator for the synthesis of the proteins by using the information from DNA

OBJ: describe the different types of gene mutation (point and framshift) and the effects on a protein and the resulting trait. Gene Mutations

Mutations Every now and then the cell makes a mistake (mutation) missing a base adding a base mixing up bases Mutations = changes in the genetic code

Kinds of Mutations produce changes in a single gene Gene Mutations Chromosome Mutations produce changes in a single gene produce changes in an entire chromosome

METH PRO PHEN ASP SER STOP Gene Mutations Point mutations = changes in one or a few nucleotides Substitutions – a base takes the place of another THE DOG ATE THE CAT THE DOG ATE THE CAR Original: AUG CCU UUC AAC UCC UGA METH PRO PHEN ASP SER STOP Copy: AUG CCU UUC AAC UCG UGA

Gene Mutations Frameshift mutations = changes that affect the entire strand by shifting the sequence up or down by one base Insertions – a base is put in where it should not be Deletions – a base is left out where it should be inserted Original: AUG CCU UUC AAC UCC UGA METH PRO PHEN ASP SER STOP Copy: AUG CCU UUC AAA CUC CUG METH PRO PHEN LYS LEU LEU

Gene Mutations THE DOG ATE THE CAT THE DOG AAT ETH ECA T The entire frame of the DNA strand is shifted to read the new base THE DOG TET HEC AT

What can this cause? Sickle-Cell Anemia: caused by a replacement of A by T on the 17th nucleotide for the beta chain of hemoglobin RBC abnormal shape

What does this cause? Cystic Fibrosis: 3 bases are deleted in the middle of a protein sequence, shorter protein Thick mucus (clogs lungs) People with one copy of the mutated gene are not affected, but people with two copies have CF

What does this cause? PKU: extra bases are added to the sequence for protein synthesis Unable to process amino acid in foods (essential for pigment production) Amino Acid builds up in tissues – mental retardation

Kinds of Mutations produce changes in a single gene Gene Mutations Chromosome Mutations produce changes in a single gene produce changes in an entire chromosome

Chromosomal Mutations Involve a change in the number or structure of chromosomes This could change the location of genes on chromosomes, or the number of copies of a gene on chromosomes

Deletions This occurs when part of a chromosome is deleted from the original when copied

Duplications Parts of a chromosome have extra copies of a gene

Inversions Reverse the direction of the parts of chromosomes

Translocations Occurs when part of the chromosome breaks off, and attaches to another part of the chromosome

Mutation Significance Most mutations are neutral (they have no real effect on the individual because they happen in “junk DNA”)

Mutation Significance Mutations that have an effect on the individual occur in the portion of DNA that codes for specific necessary proteins

Mutation Significance Mutations also create genetic diversity (a good thing) Harmful mutations can be the cause of types of cancer

Mutation Significance Plant and animal (polyploidy – where an organism has too many chromosomes); stronger, larger plants (bananas and citrus fruit )

Objectives DNA RNA and Proteins SWBAT Define a gene and explain its function SWBAT compare and contrast DNA and RNA SWBAT list the types and functions of RNA SWBAT describe the structure and functions of proteins in an organism (Bioluminesence) Protein Synthesis SWBAT generate an overview of transcription and translation using the base pairing rules. SWBAT explain the process and location of transcription with the use of enzymes. SWBAT explain the process and location of translation with the use of enzymes. SWBAT utilize the genetic code to determine the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain SWBAT describe the different types of gene mutation (point and framshift) and the effects on a protein and the resulting trait.