FIGURE 6.2.1.1 Selected Hazard Communication Standard Pictograms Associated with the GHS Health Hazards. Some pictograms more clearly suggest a particular hazard than others. (Hazard Communication Standard, Occupational Safety and Health Administration).

Figure 6. 2. 1. 2 Sample GHS Labels Figure 6.2.1.2 Sample GHS Labels. (a) A simple, fictitious GHS label for chemical “HS85”. (b) A more complicated, fictitious GHS label for chemical “OXI252”. (Hazard Communication Standard, Occupational Safety and Health Administration).

FIGURE 6. 3. 1. 1 Air Sampling Tubes with Activated Charcoal FIGURE 6.3.1.1 Air Sampling Tubes with Activated Charcoal. Charcoal tubes have two sections, the primary section and the backup section. The primary section is extracted to determine the amount of the air contaminant from the charcoal. Air is actively drawn through the tube during sampling and the air volume is measured so that the amount of contaminant divided by the air volume gives air concentration. The backup section is used to detect if the primary section was overloaded. (Courtesy of SKC, Inc., Eighty Four, PA.)

FIGURE 6. 3. 1. 2 An Impinger for Air Sampling FIGURE 6.3.1.2 An Impinger for Air Sampling. The bottom portion of the impinger is filled with a measured quantity of a liquid. The air sample is drawn into the liquid from the opening at the top by using reduced pressure at the side port. The impinger on the right has a sintered glass attachment at the bottom, which creates many small bubbles in the air and optimizes the air–liquid interface. (Courtesy of SKC, Inc., Eighty Four, PA.)

FIGURE 6. 3. 1. 3 Passive Sampling Badge FIGURE 6.3.1.3 Passive Sampling Badge. The passive sampling badge contains a sorbent or a filter coated with a specific reactant that traps the contaminant(s) in the air. Passive monitors work by diffusion of the contaminant from the surrounding environment into the sorbent and the determination of the average air concentration is determined by validation testing. (Courtesy of SKC, Inc., Eighty Four, PA.)

FIGURE 6.3.1.4 Lead Levels in Gasoline and Blood Lead Levels in the U.S. Population from 1975 to 1981. Data collected from the CDC’s National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey II (NHANES II) show a strong correlation between blood lead levels and the decrease in lead in gasoline. Data from environmental modeling predicting blood lead levels do not correlate as well as actual measurements or with decreasing gasoline values. (From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences.)