Chapter 3

1. In order for a substance to be classified as a mineral it must be: naturally occurring. a solid crystalline substance. of specific mineral composition. B and C only. A, B, and C.

2. Can plastic be classified as a mineral? Yes No

3. Which of the following cannot be classified as a mineral? salt ice diamond glass

4. The two most abundant elements in Earth’s crust are: uranium and lead. iron and copper. oxygen and silicon. oxygen and aluminum.

5. Two isotopes of the same element differ in the number of: electrons. protons. neutrons.

6. Chemical bonding occurs when elements share or transfer ___ to form compounds. electrons protons neutrons

7. The flat sides that form during crystallization of this mineral are called: crystal faces. cleavage planes. fracture. luster.

8. The flat sides that form from breakage of this mineral are called: crystal faces. cleavage planes. fracture. luster.

9. What type of minerals are most common in the Earth’s crust? iron ores silicates carbonates lead ores

10. When a mineral exhibits cleavage, it indicates: some atomic bonds are weaker than others. all atomic bonds are strong. the crystal ran out of space to grow during precipitation.

11. Why isn’t color always a reliable diagnostic property of minerals? It can appear different in different lights. Fresh and weathered surfaces of minerals can have different colors. It can be altered by trace amounts of elements. All of the above.

12. What is the luster of this mineral? metallic nonmetallic

12. Non-metallic luster 13. This mineral is harder than a fingernail, but less than glass. How hard is it? hardness = 2 hardness = 3 hardness = 6 hardness = 7

12. Non-metallic luster 13. Hardness = 3 14. What is cleavage? 2 @ 90° 3 @ 90° (cubic) 2 @ 124° absent

12. Non-metallic luster 13. Hardness = 3 14. Cleavage = 2 @ 124° 15 12. Non-metallic luster 13. Hardness = 3 14. Cleavage = 2 @ 124° 15. What is the mineral? talc quartz amphibole calcite

16. Which process of the rock cycle leads to the formation of metamorphic rocks? lithification crystallization weathering recrystallization

17. True or False: Ultimately, any rock type (igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic) can be turned into any other rock type via the processes of the rock cycle. True False

18. Which kind(s) of earth materials form by precipitation from an aqueous (water-based) solution? siliciclastic sediments biochemical sediments extrusive igneous rocks contact metamorphic rocks All of the above.

19. Production of igneous and metamorphic rocks typically requires proximity to: a sedimentary basin. oceans. land. a plate boundary.

20. Many metallic ores are formed through hydrothermal processes; which of the following are involved with hydrothermal ore formation? Groundwater or seawater comes into contact with a magmatic intrusion and reacts with it. Significant quantities of elements and ions are introduced to the water from the reaction. Hot water percolates through the ground and precipitates ores minerals as it cools. All of the above.