The ‘Second Reformation’ & The Catholic Response

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Presentation transcript:

The ‘Second Reformation’ & The Catholic Response Period general – early modern Lecture 6 – Simon Ditchfield

Why religion matters

Why religion mattered St Margaret Clitherow (martyred in York 1586) Clifford’s tower, York – site of Jewish massacre, 1190 St Margaret Clitherow (martyred in York 1586)

Lutheran inspiration Martin Luther (1485-1546) The Word translated

Calvinist organisation Jean Calvin (1509-64) The Word proclaimed

Calvinist connections Letter from Calvin in Strasbourg to Farel, 1540 Calvin’s Academy

Religious divisions ca.1555

France – defence of a minority church St Bartholomew’s day massacre 1572 Huguenot church interior, Lyon (16th century)

England – ‘But haftly reformed’ Edward VI (1537-53) & the Pope Marian persecution (1553-58)

Counter Reformation 1 - redefinition Caravaggio, Seven works of mercy, Naples, 1607 Council of Trent,(1545-63)

Counter-Reformation 2 Enforcement Roman Inquisition (founded 1542) Confession Box (introduced from 1570s)

Catholic reformation 1 some new religious orders St Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) St Teresa of Avila (1515-82)

Catholic reformation 2 - schools Castellino da Castello (1490-1576) Schools of Christian Doctrine Jesuit Ratio studiorum, (1599)

Catholic reformation 3 – bishops & women St Charles Borromeo (1538-84) attending plague victim in Milan Saints Louise de Marillac & Vincent de Paul – founders of the Daughters of Charity, (1633)

Catholic globalisation St Francis Xavier (1506-52) Goa, Basilica of Bom Jesus

Catholic globalisation – China Matteo Ricci (1552-1610) Chinese annunciation

Catholic globalisation - Japan Martyrs Madonna of the Snows

Catholic globalisation – India Jesuits at the court of Emperor Akbar the Great (1556-1605) A ‘Mughal Michelangelo’

Catholic globalisation: the Americas Learning to speak in ‘Floridan’ Making saints in Paraguay

Confessionalisation Lutheranism, Calvinism, Reformed Catholicism to be seen as parallel movements of social discipline (not opposites) Shift from community of believers to confession of beliefs (confessio – I believe) Use of propaganda (all available media employed) Internalisation of behaviour via education and training Reform of ritual “Of all laws there is none more favourable to princes than the Christian law, for it makes not only the bodies and goods of those they rule subject to them… but also their souls and consciences, and binds not only hands but also thoughts and feelings” (Giovanni Botero, Della ragion di Stato, (1589))