The Concept and Measurement of Gender Equality Research findings: education performance is steered by gender-role expectations about sciences and math, as in general, whether boy or girl

Theme: Reaching the Un-reached Equality in access to Quality education

The meaning of Sex and Gender Biological differentiation: color of skin, eyes, hair, “race”, sex, etc. Socialization: inculcation of knowledge (cognition), values, and behavioral norms and skills – social identity and roles Gender: socialization toward differentiation on the basis of sex Gender and Class socialization differs within and between castes and social classes, eg. Nepal, doctor-patient relation Discrimination based on classification based biological differences and stereotype image and assumed attributes (eg. racism, apartheid, sexism) Institutional discrimination systems by laws and norms (eg. Ownership, voting rights, inheritance, marriage and divorce, educational and occupational opportunities)

% Youth & Adults (15+) who can read letters in Nepal, NLSS 2004

The Global Gender Gap Report 2006 The Nordic countries, Sweden (1), Norway (2), Finland (3) and Iceland (4), top the latest Gender Gap Index. Germany (5), the Philippines (6), New Zealand (7), Denmark (8), the United Kingdom (9) and Ireland (10) complete the top 10 countries with the smallest "gender gap". The Global Gender Gap Report 2006 covers all current and candidate European Union countries, 20 from Latin America and the Caribbean, over 20 from sub-Saharan Africa and 10 from the Arab world. Together, the 115 economies cover over 90% of the world’s population.

Measurement: Indicators & Indices The index mainly uses publicly available "hard data" indicators drawn from international organizations and some qualitative information from the Forum’s own Executive Opinion Survey. The Report measures the size of the gender gap in four critical areas: Economic participation and opportunity – outcomes on salaries, participation levels and access to high-skilled employment Educational attainment – outcomes on access to basic and higher level education Political empowerment – outcomes on representation in decision-making structures Health and survival – outcomes on life expectancy and sex ratio

Gender Equality Ranking in Asia-Pacific

Gender Gap Rankings by Area

Scattergram of Gender Gaps in Education and Economic Participation