Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules Questions of the Day! Answer in complete sentences! The grocery store is where we go to get the nutrients we need in order for our chemical reactions to occur. The macromolecules we need in order to survive are proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Which foods would you find each one of these molecules in the grocery store? What do each of these molecules do for living things? (including nucleic acids) Where in the body would you find lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins?

Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules Standards and Objectives Distinguish among proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates. Identify positive tests for lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins.

Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules Organic Chemistry – Deals with Carbon in living things Carbon has 6 electrons, 6 protons, and 6 neutrons. Carbon makes 4 bonds Carbon only bonds on it's outermost shell.

Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules QUESTION! You are given a set of legos and asked to make a large chain of blocks. How do you make the large chain?

Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules ANSWER! You stack them to make the mahoosive structure!

Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules When several carbons are covalently bonded together (stacked or in a chain), larger molecules are made. (Macromolecules)

Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules Very large compounds Make POLYMERS (many repeating units) 4 organic (carbon based) compounds

Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules CARBOHYDRATES Made of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen (CHO) 1 C : 2 H : 1 O ratio SUGARS Can mix with water (Polar) Mono saccharides = 1 sugar molecule Di saccharides = 2 sugar molecules Poly saccharides = Many sugar molecules

Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules Purposes of Carbohydrates... Cellulose is the “fiber” in plants that we can not digest...the crunch in celery... People can, however, digest starch. (potatoes, crackers made from flour) Chitin is the crunchy sound when you squish a bug. (it's hard outer shell) Animals store energy in the form of glycogen. Plant or Animal Molecule for Energy Storage Molecule for Structure Plant Starch Cellulose Animal Glycogen Chitin

Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules Lipids – Fats, Oils, Steroids, Waxes Do not mix with water (non polar) Made up of long carbon chains Used for energy storage Makes up cell membrane Chemical signals between cells

Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules Fats – solid at room temperature (Saturated fat – all C's have H's in single covalent bonds) Oils – liquid at room temperature (Unsaturated fat – C's have double bonds) Fats can stack like lego bricks in the blood because their shape is flat. Oils stay in liquid form because they can not stack.

Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules

Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules Phospholipids Phospho – phosphate (polar part hydrophillic head) Lipids – fats (nonpolar hydrophobic tail) Make cell membranes (lipid bilayer) Form micelles (rings in water)

Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules Proteins Are signalers, enzymes, and make up muscles Made of long chains of amino acids The amino acids are held together by peptide bonds (covalent bond) There are 20 amino acids

Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules Proteins There are 4 structures of proteins Primary: Amino Acid sequence Secondary: Sequence folds Tertiary: multiple folds Quaternary: More than one protein

Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules Nucleic Acids Store and transfer genetic information Made up of many units (polymers) of nucleotides (monomers) DNA and RNA are the molecules that store genetic information

Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules ATP Adenosine Triphosphate Cells' energy molecule Break off a phosphate and get energy in the form of HEAT!

Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules Indicator Color Monosaccharides (glucose) Benedict's reagent Red/Orange Polysaccharides (Starch) Lugol's Iodine Black or Dark Blue Lipids Paper Translucent (nearly clear) Sudan IV Red Proteins Biuret's reagent Purple/violet Nucleic Acids do not have a test

Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules

Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules Water H2O Every reaction in a living system happens in a pool of water Molecules in living systems are often held together by hydrogen bonds Oxygen holds onto the electrons from Hydrogen in the bond that makes Oxygen a bit more negative Hydrogen from other molecules are attracted to oxygen and form these bonds DNA, enzymes, proteins <= ALL of these structures rely on hydrogen bonds for their shape!

Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules

Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules Snowflake formation is due to hydrogen bonding. The molecules form these shapes due to the position of the molecules as the start to freeze when they enter the atmosphere

Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules CONCLUSION! There are 4 types of biological macromolecules! Carbohydrates – rings that are used for energy and structure. (Monosaccharides link together) Lipids – long chains of hydrocarbons used for long term energy storage and makes up the plasma membrane Nucleic acids – DNA and RNA molecules for genetic coding Proteins – Used for signalers, enzymes, make up you tissues, organs, and entire living system. (Amino acids link together)

Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules Indicators are used to determine the presence of proteins, complex sugars, simple sugars, and fats. Benedict’s – simple sugars (Glucose) (turns red/orange) Iodine – Complex sugars (starch) (turns black/purple) Sudan Reagent – Lipids (turns red) Paper – Lipids (Turns translucent) Biuret’s – Protein (turns purple) Water is essential in all living systems for reactions Hydrogen bonding holds most molecules together Hydrogen bonding happens when H interacts with O or N