Nature’s Building Blocks Biological Macromolecules Nature’s Building Blocks

Biological Macromolecules Structure and Functions of Macromolecules(carbohydrates and lipids) Block 1 Structure and functions of macromolecules (Proteins and nucleic acids) Block 2 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Block 3

Structure and Function of Macromolecules Block 1

Prior Knowledge Discussion Describe the characteristics required to be considered a living organism. Composed of cells Reproduce Contain DNA Grow and Develop Use and obtain energy Respond to their environment Maintain a stable internal environment /eliminate Waste Evolve: change over time

Prior Knowledge Discussion - Particles of matter - Atoms - Elements - Molecules - Macromolecules - Cell organelles - Cells - Tissues - Organs - Systems - Organisms - Populations - Ecosystems - Biospheres - Planets - Planetary Systems with Stars - Galaxies - The Universe And finish really big. Wow.! All of that is possible because of atoms!

If everything is made of molecules, what are molecules made of? Prior Knowledge Discussion If everything is made of molecules, what are molecules made of? Atoms!

Which Elements are the Building Blocks of Life? Almost all life forms on Earth are primarily made up of only four basic elements: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen (Phosphorous and Sulfur are also important in Biology) Why are these call the building blocks of life?

Atoms are Elements!

Objectives Describe the basic molecular structure of carbohydrates and lipids Describe the primary function of carbohydrates and lipids.

Where are they Located on the Periodic Table? Lets take a look at the Periodic Table and find where are the building blocks of life. Review: What are groups and families? What is the name of: Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 8? Which ones are the metals and the non-metals? Are the Building Blocks of Life metals or non-metals?

What are we Learning? Benchmark: SC.912L.18.1 Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of biological macromolecules. AA

Essential Question You are composed of the same material as all other living things on the planet ……How is this possible?

Why are molecules nature's "building blocks"? Because everything around us — pizza, skateboards, even your best friend — is made of them!

Molecules of life

Macromolecules are polymers constructed of many organic molecules called monomers. Monomer - small molecular subunit which joins (form covalent bonds) with similar units to form a polymer. Polymer - consists of up to millions of repeated, covalently linked monomers. It is a relatively small, simple molecule.

Life’s Macromolecules All key components of every living cell are made of macromolecules. “Giant Molecules” The four kinds of macromolecules: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

Carbohydrates Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen usually in the ratio 1:2:1 Example: C6H12O6 They have a specific numerical relationship between their elements. Includes starches, celluloses, chitin & gums They are constructed from simple sugars = monosaccharides Monosaccharides

Glucose Glucose: C6H12O6 this is a hexose sugar (six carbons) most commonly found in this ring structure. Glucose will be known to most students as a product of photosynthesis or the substrate molecule for respiration. Glucose is also found in a polymer as starch, glycogen or cellulose. All bonds are covalent. Glucose is a reducing sugar and will give positive (Brick red) precipitate in a Benedicts test Glucose is metabolically active compound Glucose is soluble and has osmotic effects when in solution

Lipids Lipids are made of Carbon, Hydrogen and some Oxygen ( C, H, O) Long term energy storage Chemically all fats and oils are triglycerides (simple lipids). Fats are those lipids which are solid state at 20oC. Oils are those lipids which are liquid at 20oC. Fats tend to have longer fatty acids with saturated bonds. This makes their structure densely packed and raises the melting point.

Lipids Insulators and energy storage Saturated: Solid @ room temperature Unsaturated : Liquid @ room temperature

Triglyceride Triglycerides are made of Glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Phospholipids Are the principle molecule in the cell membrane they form the 'bilayer' that is the cell membrane.

Phospholipids Very similar to the triglyceride except one fatty acid chain is replaced by a polar phosphate group. The molecule is in two parts a) Polar hydrophilic phosphate heads. b) 2 Non polar hydrophobic tails This diagram is a short hand version of the phospholipid molecule. It illustrates the negatively charged hydrophilic head and the hydrophobic tails

Self Check/ Closure Review: Can you list the elements that are the building blocks of carbohydrates and lipids? Explain: Describe at least 3 functions for each of the organic compounds cover today in class(lipids and carbohydrates)

Structure and functions of macromolecules (Proteins and nucleic acids) Block 2

What are we Learning? Benchmark: SC.912L.18.1 Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of biological macromolecules. AA

Objectives Describe the basic molecular structure of Proteins and Nucleic Acids Describe the primary function of Proteins and Nucleic Acids

Proteins Are macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. C,H,O,N

Function of Proteins Hormones: Insulin is a 51 amino acid single polypeptide. Immunoglobulin: Immunoglobulin are otherwise known as antibodies. Enzyme: Enzymes reduce the energy of activation and allows a biochemical reaction to reach equilibrium more quickly. Enzymes are large globular proteins often with prosthetic groups. Gas transport: Hemoglobin molecules transport oxygen to respiring tissues. Structural Proteins: Collagen, actin and myosin

Macromolecules are polymers constructed of many organic molecules called monomers. Monomer - small molecular subunit which joins (form covalent bonds) with similar units to form a polymer. Polymer - consists of up to millions of repeated, covalently linked monomers. It is a relatively small, simple molecule.

Dehydration Synthesis Formation of large molecules by the removal of water Monomers are joined to form polymers monomer +monomer -> polymer + water

Hydrolysis (digestion) Breakdown of large molecules by the addition of water Polymers are broken down to monomers polymer + water -> monomers

Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Block 3

What are we Learning? Benchmark: SC.912L.18.1 Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of biological macromolecules. AA

Objectives Students will explain how enzymes speed up the rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the reaction’s activation energy. Students will identify and/ or describe the effect of environmental factors on enzyme activity.

Essential Question Explain how variances in pH and temperature affect an enzyme and its impact on a biochemical reaction.

Enzymes Enzymes accelerate the rate of a reaction by acting as a catalyst A catalyst is a substance that alters the rate of the chemical reaction

Enzymes The catalyst will actually decrease the amount of activation energy needed to begin the chemical reaction, allowing the reaction to occur at a faster rate.

Self Check: To start you thinking Meat tenderizers contain an enzyme that digests proteins. These tenderizers come from papaya. How might this enzyme make meat tender?

B Hot Question! 1. Interpret the meaning of the word “catalyze,” based on your knowledge of how catalysts impact chemical reactions. A. To increase B. To initiate C. To lower D. To stabilize B

C Hot Question! 2. Identify the impact on the rate of the reaction if a base were added to a solution containing an enzyme reacting with a substrate. A. The enzyme will alter its shape. B. The rate of the reaction will increase. C. The rate of the reaction will decrease. D. The rate of the reaction will not be altered. C

C Hot Question! 3. Identify the impact on an enzyme if the solution containing the enzyme interacting with a substrate were cooled down to 5 ºC. A. The enzyme will alter its shape. B. The enzyme will not be affected. C. The rate of the reaction will decrease. D. The substrate will alter its shape. C

A Hot Question! 4.Which of the following statements correctly identifies the impact enzymes have on a chemical reaction. A. Enzymes lower the activation energy for the chemical reaction B. Enzymes react with the substrate and become part of the products C. Enzymes increase the activation energy for the chemical reaction D. Enzymes do not affect the rate of the reaction A