Group III/IV locomotor muscle afferents alter motor cortical and corticospinal excitability and promote central fatigue during cycling exercise Simranjit.

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Group III/IV locomotor muscle afferents alter motor cortical and corticospinal excitability and promote central fatigue during cycling exercise Simranjit K. Sidhu, Joshua C. Weavil, Tyler S. Mangum, Jacob E. Jessop, Russell S. Richardson, David E. Morgan, Markus Amann Clinical Neurophysiology Volume 128, Issue 1, Pages 44-55 (January 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.10.008 Copyright © 2016 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Schematic of the main components of study protocol and raw traces of TMS and CMS evoked potentials from a representative subject. A: Femoral motor nerve stimulation (M) delivered during maximum voluntary contraction (MVC; 100%) and at rest in order to calculate voluntary activation (VA). Three transcranial magnetic stimulation (T), one cervicomedullary stimulation (C) and one M were also delivered during a 20% MVC in a randomised order to measure corticospinal pathway excitability. B: Subjects performed short (∼1min each) non-fatiguing cycling bouts at 80% Wpeak (i.e. 246±13W) during which three T, one C and one M was delivered. Subjects repeated (A) and (B) following the administration of intrathecal fentanyl. C: Subjects then sustained 80% Wpeak cycling exercise to task failure during which the same set of stimulations was delivered at the start and at task failure. D: Representative raw traces of T- and C-evoked electromyographic (EMG) responses from a single subject during control (CTRL) and fentanyl (FENT) sessions. Note the reduction in MEP (↓) in CTRL, the increase in MEP (↑) in FENT, and the absence of an effect on CMEPs (↔) from start of exercise to task failure. Clinical Neurophysiology 2017 128, 44-55DOI: (10.1016/j.clinph.2016.10.008) Copyright © 2016 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Exercise-induced quadriceps fatigue. Pre- to post-exercise (post-1: 56±5s; post-2: 146±5s; post-3: 236±5s) changes in maximal voluntary contraction torque (MVC; panel A), resting twitches (RT; panel B) and voluntary activation (VA, panel C) during exercise. #Significantly different across sessions. Clinical Neurophysiology 2017 128, 44-55DOI: (10.1016/j.clinph.2016.10.008) Copyright © 2016 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Corticospinal excitability during non-fatiguing exercise. Figure illustrates motor-evoked potentials (MEP normalized to Mmax; panel A), cervicomedullary-evoked potentials (CMEP normalized to Mmax; panel B) and MEP/CMEP (panel C) during non-fatiguing cycling bouts performed for ∼40-s at 80% Wpeak (∼246W) with intact (black bars) and blocked (white bars) group III/IV locomotor muscle afferents. *Significantly different from intact feedback. Clinical Neurophysiology 2017 128, 44-55DOI: (10.1016/j.clinph.2016.10.008) Copyright © 2016 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Corticospinal excitability during fatiguing exercise. Figure illustrates motor-evoked potentials (MEP normalized to Mmax; panel A), cervicomedullary-evoked potentials (CMEPs normalized to Mmax; panel B) and MEP/CMEP (panel C) at the start of exercise (black bars) and at exhaustion (white bars) during control (CTRL) and fentanyl (FENT) sessions. *Significantly different from start of exercise. Clinical Neurophysiology 2017 128, 44-55DOI: (10.1016/j.clinph.2016.10.008) Copyright © 2016 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Pre- to post-exercise changes in corticospinal excitability. Pre- to post-exercise (post-1: 56±5s; post-2: 146±5s; post-3: 236±5s) changes in background root mean squared electromyogram (EMGrms; panel A), maximal compound muscle action potential (Mmax; panel B), motor-evoked potentials (MEPs normalized to Mmax; panel C), cervicomedullary-evoked potentials (CMEPs normalized to Mmax; panel D), MEP/CMEP (panel E) and cortical silent period (cSP; panel F) during 20% MVC (adjusted to instantaneous MVC). Measurements were taken during control (CTRL) and fentanyl (FENT) sessions. *Significantly different from pre-exercise. #Significantly different across sessions. Clinical Neurophysiology 2017 128, 44-55DOI: (10.1016/j.clinph.2016.10.008) Copyright © 2016 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology Terms and Conditions