SPHERICAL MIRROR EQUATIONS AND SIGN CONVENTION Concave Mirror Illustrated Light In Side do > 0 Real Object do < 0 Virtual Object F V Optic Axis C Light Out Side di > 0 Real Image C This Side, R > 0 di < 0 Virtual Image C This Side, R < 0 Definitions: C – Center of Curvature R – Radius of Curvature F – Focal Point (Same Side as C) V – Vertex Equations: Paraxial Approximation

THIN LENS EQUATIONS AND SIGN CONVENTION Surface 1 Surface 2 Light In Side do > 0 Real Object di < 0 Virtual Image C1 This Side, R1 < 0 C2 This Side, R2 < 0 Light Out Side do < 0 Virtual Object di > 0 Real Image C1 This Side, R1 > 0 C2 This Side, R2 > 0 – Index of Refraction When in Air Definitions: C1 – Center of Curvature, Surface 1 C2 – Center of Curvature, Surface 2 Illustrated Lens is Double Convex Converging With C1 on the Light Out Side and C2 on the Light In Side Equations:

REFRACTION AT SPHERICAL INTERFACE BETWEEN TWO OPTICAL MATERIALS Light In Side do > 0 Real Object di < 0 Virtual Image C This Side, R < 0 na – Index of Refraction Light Out Side do < 0 Virtual Object di > 0 Real Image C This Side, R > 0 nb – Index of Refraction Illustrated Interface Has C, Center of Curvature, On The Light Out Side, Thus R > 0 A Flat Interface Has R = ∞