3.7 Core 8.1 Additional Higher Level Cell Respiration 3.7 Core 8.1 Additional Higher Level.

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3.7 Core 8.1 Additional Higher Level Cell Respiration 3.7 Core 8.1 Additional Higher Level

Animation from Sr. Book

Summary of Human Cell Resp

3.7.1 DEFINE cell respiration. The controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP. Can take place w/ or w/o oxygen Either: 1st stage is glycolysis

1 Glucose  2 pyruvate + 2 net ATP In cytoplasm/cytosol 3.7.2 State that, in cell resp, glucose in the cytoplasm is broken down by glycolysis into pyruvate, with a small yield of ATP. 1 Glucose  2 pyruvate + 2 net ATP In cytoplasm/cytosol No oxygen necessary Pyruvate = 3-C molecule

3.7.3 Explain that, during anaerobic resp, pyruvate can be converted in the cytoplasm into lactate, or ethanol and carbon dioxide, with no further yield of ATP. GLUCOSE GLYCOLYSIS in cytoplasm PYRUVATE + small amt ATP Aerobic Resp in mitochondria Anaerobic Resp (only when no oxygen) in cytoplasm Into lactate (3-C) in animals & bacteria, w/small amount ATP Sprinting! Body doesn’t produce enough ATP to contract muscles w/the limited Oxygen...cramping Into ethanol (2-C) and CO2 in yeasts and plants, w/small amount ATP Mmm! Into CO2 + H2O + lots ATP in animals (muscle)

Pyruvate moves into mitochondrion Much more ATP produced 3.7.4 Explain that, during aerobic cell respiration, pyruvate can be broken down in the mitochondrion into carbon dioxide and water with a large yield of ATP. IF OXYGEN’S PRESENT! Pyruvate moves into mitochondrion Much more ATP produced AEROBIC SUMMARY:

Redox (always go together) LEO GER or OIL RIG 8.1.1 State that oxidation involves the loss of electrons from an element, whereas reduction involves a gain of electrons; oxidation frequently involves gaining oxygen or losing hydrogen, whereas reduction frequently involves losing oxygen or gaining hydrogen. Redox (always go together) LEO GER or OIL RIG Oxidation is loss; reduction is gain Subst that’s been reduced has the power TO reduce other substances, becomes oxidized in the process NADH Oxidation Reduction Electrons Loss Gain Oxygen Hydrogen

Oxidation:

Reduction:

8.1.2 Outline the process of glycolysis, including phosphorylation, lysis, oxidation and ATP formation Glucose + 2ADP + 2P + 2NAD+  2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2H2O Anaerobic, no O necessary Small amt ATP, NADH, H+ produced Oxidation of glucose; reduction of ADP to ATP Pyruvate (triose) ...

8.1.2 Outline the process of glycolysis, including phosphorylation, lysis, oxidation and ATP formation 1st step: phosphorylation USE ATP to add P group to glucose 2nd phosphorylation  hexose biphosphate 2nd step: lysis 2 triose phosphate 3rd step: oxidation phosphorylation  triose biphosphate Each 1 gives up a P group  ADP  ATP Repeat! (2 ATP) + 2: pyruvate, NADH, H+

8.1.3 DRAW and label a diagram showing the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in electron micrographs. Eukaryotes only Cells that need lots of energy have lots! Ribosomes, mtDNA Matrix, cristae, inner/outer membranes

Image source unknown

Link reaction: b/w glycolysis & Krebs Reaction: 8.1.4 Explain aerobic respiration, including the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, the role of NADH + H+, the electron transport chain and the role of oxygen. Link reaction: b/w glycolysis & Krebs Reaction: Pyruvate + CoA + NAD+  Acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+ Decarboxylation of pyruvate (CO2 is removed)

Krebs Cycle: TCA (tricarboxylic citric acid) cycle In matrix 8.1.4 Explain aerobic respiration, including the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, the role of NADH + H+, the electron transport chain and the role of oxygen. Krebs Cycle: TCA (tricarboxylic citric acid) cycle In matrix Products, per 1 acetyl CoA: 3NADH + 3H+ + 1FADH2 + 1ATP + 2CO2 Cyclic Start @ Acetyl CoA... (2-C; product of link)

Pyruvate (3C) CO2 Acetyl CoA (2C) 6C 5C 4C CO2 CO2

Krebs Cycle: Acetyl CoA + 4-C  6-C Decarboxylated  5-C & CO2 Same one that reacts with Acetyl CoA! P.140

One cycle – 1 Acetyl CoA  1 CoA, 2CO2 Purpose???? Produce energy!!! Also produce: 3 NADH, 3H+ (e- carrier/H+ acceptor/reduced) 1 FADH2 (e- carrier/H+ acceptor/reduced) 1 ATP

8.1.5 Explain oxidative phosphorylation in terms of chemiosmosis. OVERALL...1 glucose  6 CO2 So far, no O2 used, little ATP produced LAST STAGE... E-carriers used to make more ATP AEROBIC! ETC, on cristae’s phospholipid bilayer ETC = proteins, pass e-, pump H+ from matrix to intermembrane space...to reduction of oxygen  water

Proton gradient drives ADP + P  ATP “Chemiosmotic theory” ATP synthase “Chemiosmotic theory” Explains how synthesis of ATP is coupled to electron transport & proton movement

Net result: p. 140 Pass high energy e- down ETC, H pumped across inner membrane Build up of H+ in intermemb space [] gradient (proton-motive force) drives H+ through ATP synthase (chemiosmotic channel), ATP is made.

Energy from NADH, FADH2 transferred to ATP H+ , e- + Oxygen  water Aerobic No oxygen: no water, no NAD+ or FAD, so no Krebs cycle... Acetyl CoA builds up, no longer produced from pyruvate... Glycolysis ok; anaerobic resp

8.1.6 Explain the relationship between the structure of the mitochondrion and its function. Outer membrane Barrier to cytoplasm Inter-membrane space Higher [H+] b/c ETC Small volume Small amt H+  big difference Inner membrane Folds (cristae)...surface area for ETC, ATP synthase Impermeable to H+ Matrix Enzymes for Krebs

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