War in the Pacific.

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The U.S. in the Pacific

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Presentation transcript:

War in the Pacific

Background Japan invades China in 1937. Japan joins the Axis in Sept 1940. US, British, and Dutch impose oil embargo in July 1941 to put brakes on Japanese imperialism. Japanese expect armed conflict, but buy time and surprise through negotiations. US population focused on war in Europe.

Situation Successful opening offensive Growing Japanese Empire starved for resources Needed for economy / war machine Oil, rubber, rice, metals, etc Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor Pre-emptive Strike Successful opening offensive Border extended 14,200mi Over half the earths circumference Each offensive conducted in an area larger then European and Mediterranean Theatres combined

Defensive Phase Offensive Phase Tarawa Marianas (Saipan, Tinian, Guam) Iwo Jima Okinawa Firebombing Tokyo Pearl Harbor Wake Is. Kiska/Attu – Aleutians Philippines (Bataan) Guam Hiroshima, Nagasaki “Turning Point”

Midway - June 1942 Japanese get greedy. US breaks Japanese code. Not satisfied w/ original perimeter. Want base to bomb Hawaii. Destroy US naval fleet. US breaks Japanese code. Jap. complex plan with many targets. Aleutians, Midway, Fleet, etc. First naval battle fought entirely with airplanes.

Midway: The Tide Turns Japanese lose four heavy carriers, all planes, and many of their best pilots US loses A/CC USSYorktown.

Offensive Phase “Twin Thrusts” MacArthur from south Purpose Push back and destroy the enemy By-Pass enemy strongholds Regain the Philippines Capture of New Guinea puts him in a position to retake Philippines

Offensive in the Southern Pacific MacArthur

Twin Thrusts – Nimitz Nimitz from across the Pacific Purpose Carrier Fleet vulnerable to land air bases Purpose Cut the enemy in two Break enemy will to fight Firebombing Prepare to invade Japan

Offensive in the Central Pacific Nimitz Tarawa

1943 (Mac) March Bismark Sea (limited Japanese reinforcement of Southern Pacific) (Nim) November Tarawa and Makin (Gilberts) 1944 (Nim) February Kwajalein & Eniwetok (Marshalls) (Mac) February-June New Guinea (Nim) June-August Saipan, Tinian, Guam (Marianas) B29s able to bomb Japan (Mac & Nim) October Leyte Gulf Destroyed much of Japanese Navy Largest Naval Battle in History

Iwo Jima (Nimitz) 9 Feb 1945 Objective: Airfields Pre-invasion bombardment: 3 days. Weather limited effectiveness of this. 3, 4, 5 MARineDIV 1st wave gets ashore, but when bombardment lifts for them to move inland, all hell breaks loose. Southern half of island in US hands by D+2. Takes 34 more days to secure remainder of island (8 square miles total).

Iwo Jima Nothing fancy; simple but costly. “Throwing human flesh against reinforced concrete.” 36 days, 26k US casualties including 6k KIA. 1k of 20k defenders survived 2400 B-29s w/ 27k crewmen made unscheduled landings on island by the time the war ended. 27 Medals of Honor awarded.

1945 February-March Iwo Jima (Nim.) March Tokyo raids Low level incendiary bombing runs with much destruction. Designed to force surrender but didn’t. April-June Okinawa (Nim.) Japanese home island – very tough resistance August 6th Hiroshima 9th Nagasaki 14th Japan surrenders. September 2 VJ Day

What “trends” can you identify? Using the data below, create a bar graph or line graph showing U.S. casualties in the Pacific theater in WWII. What “trends” can you identify? Battle Dead Wounded Tarawa (Gilberts) 1,001 2,300 Guam (Marianas) 3,000 7,000 Saipan (Marianas) 3,426 13,160 Iwo Jima 6,000 17,200 Okinawa 12,500 35,500

A New Formula for Mass Destruction Japan warned, but refused to surrender. Planners estimate 3-5x as many casualties as at Okinawa. Hiroshima 6 August 1945 60-70k killed or missing Nagasaki 9 August 40k killed Logical outcome of “Total War”?