Objective 1.1: Identify unicellular organisms, including bacteria & protists, by their methods of locomotion, reproduction, ingestion, excretion, and effects on other organisms. Invention of the microscope led to discovery of unicellular organisms. Advances in technology have led us to discover the good & bad of microorganisms, benefiting the world.

How we divide the unicellular organisms: Organisms are put into domains & kingdoms based on 3 things: Cell type: prokaryotes or eukaryotes Ability to make food: heterotroph or autotroph Number of cells in bodies: unicellular (1 cell) or multicellular (many cells)

3 Domains Bacteria: prokaryotes (no nucleus), autotrophic or heterotrophic, microscopic Archaea (Archeabacteria): prokaryotes (no nucleus), autotrophic or heterotrophic; microscopic; no cell walls; extreme environments (hot, cold, salty, acidic) Eurkarya: eukaryotes, nucleus; in 4 kingdoms—protists, fungi, plants, or animals

Domain: Prokarya, Kingdom: Eubacteria Many are decomposers that break down dead organisms & wastes. Some are producers, making their own food Use conjugation or binary fission to reproduce

Conjugation in E. coli bacteria Here you can conjugation—transfer of genetic material through a threadlike bridge—its bacterial sex. http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://static.flickr.com/88/210973649_b75e67726a.jpg&imgrefurl=http://scienceblogs.com/mikethemadbiologist/2006/12/its_my_birthday.php&usg=__phZIkfzAulw0SJ50GgWwJ2R5QcM=&h=408&w=500&sz=72&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=jNjddxMGkYrSIM:&tbnh=143&tbnw=168&ei=Xja-TeTaEcL10gHC8LimBg&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dconjugation%2Bin%2Bbacteria%2B%252B%2Be%2Bcoli%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4TSHB_enUS326US327%26biw%3D1419%26bih%3D756%26tbm%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=126&vpy=86&dur=5402&hovh=203&hovw=249&tx=138&ty=94&page=1&ndsp=28&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0

Binary fission in E. coli bacteria asexual reproduction in which the cell basically copies itself and undergoes cell division—special type of mitosis http://scienceray.com/biology/microbiology/e-coli-bacteria/

Domain: Eurkarya, Kingdom: Protista (the protists) CANNOT be classified as plant, animal, or fungus “odds and ends” kingdom Mainly unicellular others multicellular, so it is usually referred to as single-celled/unicellular Classified by the way they get energy--some autotrophs others heterotrophs

Examples of Protists Euglena: use flagella to move Amoeba: Use pseudopods (false feet; cytoplasmic Extensions to move)

How protists like the Euglena and Amoeba reproduce Both of these organisms reproduce asexually by binary fission—a special type of mitosis. Can produce ENDOSPORES when conditions are bad, preventing the species from extinction.

Picture of a typical endospore, used by bacteria & protists Remain dormant until conditions in the environment are favorable for development An endospore is a tough, resistant structure used for survival during conditions not favorable for reproduction

Examples of Protists Paramecium Use cilia—hair-like projections around its body to move Reproduce sexually by conjugation & asexually by binary fission. Reproduce with endospores when times are bad.

Getting food & dumping wastes in protists Animal-like protists ingest their food—the process is called ingestion—surrounding it with pseudopods or engulfing it and trapping it in a food vacuole for digestion, a process known as endocytosis. http://www.ibiblio.org/virtualcell/textbook/chapter3/cmf4a.htm for endocytosis animation by amoeba Contractile vacuoles keep these single-celled animals from exploding due to excess water that collects in their cytoplasm due to osmosis. They collect the excess water & then excrete it—the process is called excretion.

All organisms dump wastes through this process Exocytosis—think ex = exit this is the process where unwanted materials in the cell are literally dumped out of the cell. this may be through contractile vacuoles, diffusion, or in more complex structures such as those of the paramecium, the anal pore. http://www.ibiblio.org/virtualcell/textbook/chapter3/cmf4b.htm for exocytosis animation

Plant like protists: algae, producers

Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Fungi Multicellular eukaryotes except yeasts which are unicellullar Heterotrophs, can act as decomposers Absorb nutrients to get energy Cell walls present Reproduce using endospores Examples: molds, yeasts, mushrooms

Fungi Examples Yeast (Candida albicans)

Fungi Examples Bread mold, Rhizopus, the happy accident of penicillin

Examples of Fungal Spores Mushroom spores

Toxic molds: Stachybotrys chartarum or Stachybotrys atra