NAPOLEON AND CONGRESS OF VIENNA THE GRAND MASTER OF EUROPE

Rise of Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte was born in 1769 on Corsica (Italian island annexed by France) Brilliant military leader who achieved numerous early successes and rose quickly through the ranks Used his status as a national hero to seize power in 1799 using a coup d’etat to bring an end to the Directory The French craved the order and stability that Napoleon promised and were willing to give up some freedoms for peace, prosperity, and glory The pope comes to crown Napoleon as emperor Napoleon puts the crown on his own head – he took authority for himself

Domestic Policies Wants to end the hostility from the Revolution Codification of the laws – The Civil Code Also known as the Napoleonic Code Made laws uniform across the nation - prior to the Revolution France had 300 different legal systems Limits some individual rights, such as freedom of the press, and only applied to male citizens

Louisiana Purchase Sells the Louisiana Territory to the United States to get money to fight his wars to take over Europe

Napoleon’s Empire Napoleon’s major goal is that he wants to rule Europe the Napoleonic Wars were a series of wars where Napoleon is trying to take over Europe These wars were an extension of the ones fought between France and other nations during the Revolution From 1807 – 1812 Napoleon is the Grand Master of Europe

Grand Empire French Empire Enlarged France, territories added on to France Dependent States Nations that Napoleon conquers, puts these kingdoms under the rule of his relatives Spain, Holland, Kingdom of Italy, Swiss Republic, Grand Duchy of Warsaw, and Union of German states Allied States Defeats these nations in battle and forces them to ally with him against Britain Prussia, Austria, Russia, Denmark, and Norway The only nations free of his control are Great Britain, Sweden, Portugal, and the Ottoman Empire

Invasion of Spain Napoleon invades and conquers Spain The Spanish king was removed from the throne and replaced by Napoleon’s brother Joseph The major impact is that the invasion weakened Spain and allowed its Spanish colonies in the Americas to break free and gain independence Battle of Trafalgar The British are an island nation and have a strong navy Napoleon tries to invade Britain, but his fleet is defeated by the British led by Admiral Nelson at the Battle of Trafalgar This battle saves the British from invasion by showing Napoleon that his navy is not strong enough

Why Napoleon’s Empire Collapses Great Britain’s survival Geography, sea power of Britain After losing the Battle of Trafalgar, Napoleon institutes the Continental system – wants to stop British goods from reaching Europe Britain depends on overseas trade and if the economy of Britain is weakened, then it would destroy their ability to wage war Prohibits French or Allied ships from trading with Britain The British respond by requiring ships from neutral nations to stop in British ports and not trade with France – leads to the war of 1812 between the British and the U.S. Fails due to smugglers and Britain’s numerous colonies

Nationalism = a sense of identity and unity as a people Spread principles of revolution and also nationalism to people conquered by the French France showed people what nationalism was and what a nation in arms could do

Invasion of Russia Russia refuses to remain in the continental system, so Napoleon invades June 1812 Napoleon enters Russia with a Grand Army of over 600,000 men – needs a quick win Russian troops retreat hundreds of miles The peasants also move east and burn their own villages, fields, and countryside – called scorched earth tactic Napoleon finally reaches Moscow and finds it mostly deserted and in flames – lacked supplies and food “Great Retreat” across Russia in horrible winter conditions Starvation and freezing temperatures kill thousands and only 40,000 make it out in Jan. 1813

Napoleon’s army is weakened, so Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia ally against France Defeat Napoleon’s new army and in March of 1814 they capture Paris Napoleon surrenders and gives up his throne, but gets to keep the title of emperor The brother of the beheaded Louis XVI is made the new king of France Napoleon is exiled to the island of Elba off the coast of Italy and is allowed 400 guards Napoleon’s Return – The Hundred Days Napoleon escapes and starts making his way back to Paris in early 1815 Troops sent to capture him join him instead The new king Louis XVIII flees Napoleon arrives in Paris to cheering crowds He raises a new army and starts to reconquer Europe and his enemies gather once again

Battle of Waterloo – June 18, 1815 Final confrontation of Napoleon’s troops against British troops led by the Duke of Wellington Napoleon is decisively defeated Betrayals, hemorrhoids Huge numbers of casualties on both sides Napoleon flees to a port, but is soon captured The second exile This time the Napoleon is exiled to St. Helena, a volcanic island in the South Atlantic that is 1,200 miles from the nearest mainland Napoleon dies there six years later

CONGRESS OF VIENNA September 1814 – hundreds of diplomats gathered to arrange a final peace settlement after the defeat of Napoleon, with those from Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia being the most important, Purpose of the Congress of Vienna was to restore order and stability to Europe following the end of the Napoleonic Wars The leader of the Congress of Vienna was the Austrian foreign minister Prince Klemens von Metternich He was a conservative and a reactionary He hated change and democracy and wanted Europe to return to how it was prior to 1789 He dominated the Congress of Vienna and European politics for the next 30 years

GOALS Restore the balance of power Make sure no one country can become too powerful like France did

Redrawing the map of Europe Rearranged territories to make balance of power possible, especially to contain France Nations around France were made stronger Prussia received territory along France’s eastern border The Dutch Republic and the Austrian Netherlands were united as the Kingdom of the Netherlands 38 independent German states were organized into the German Confederation The two strongest in the Confederation were Austria and Prussia Italy was also organized into nine states France lost all of its conquered territory and its boundaries were the same as it was in 1792 Countries who aided France lost territory and countries who fought against France were rewarded

Restore monarchies Restored the monarchies that Napoleon had eliminated Principle of Legitimacy = monarchs or families who had been in power prior to Napoleon and the French Revolution were restored to power Maintain peace and stability Stop all revolutions Principle of Intervention = the great powers had the right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order to put down the revolution and restore legitimate monarchs Return Europe to how it was prior to Napoleon and the French Revolution

Concert of Europe Created by the Congress of Vienna, this was designed to maintain peace and stability in Europe European leaders would meet in conferences to discuss foreign policy questions and make sure that there was peace Also had the right to put down revolutions

The -isms Conservatism Political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favors obedience to political authority and organized religion Hates change, especially revolution Metternich and the other leaders at the Congress of Vienna were strong advocates of conservatism

The -isms Liberalism Political philosophy based on Enlightenment principles, holding that people should be as free as possible from gov’t restraint and that civil liberties should be protected Wanted guarantees of the protection of their rights = constitutions Wanted religious toleration Still only believed that men of property could vote or hold office

Nationalism Romanticism Sense of identity and unity as a people People owe loyalty to nation rather than dynasties or political units Each nationality should have its own government Was seen as a threat to the existing political order and was strongly opposed by conservatives Romanticism An intellectual movement that emerged in reaction to the ideas of the Enlightenment Stressed feelings and emotions Often associated with conservatives since it glorified the medieval past and nature

Socialism System in which society, usually in the form of gov’t, owns and controls the means of production