Warm-Up: vocabulary chart, add other words you need. Date Session # Activity Page # 3/21-22 Evidence of Evolution text 26-28 Evidence of Evolution Notes 29 Mystery Fossil Bones Activity 30 3/24/16 Reading a Phylogenetic tree 31 h/w: Fossil history of an organism Closest relative that isn’t a member of the same species

8.L.4 Understand the evolution of organisms and landforms based on evidence, theories and processes that impact the earth over time. 8.L.4.1 Summarize the use of evidence drawn from geology, fossils, and comparative anatomy to form the basis for biological classification systems and the theory of evolution

TLW analyze evolutionary relationship between organisms using evidence from closely reading text, comparing and contrasting structures, and completed graphic organizer.

Evidence of Evolution When looking for relatedness between ancient organisms, modern organisms, or the link between the two, scientists have specific evidence they use to make valid connections. When we are looking for evidence, we are looking for similarities, differences and the reasons why.

Homologous Structures p26 Talk to the Text What are you thinking? What do you notice? Questions? How does this show some sort of relatedness? we are looking for similarities, differences and the reasons why

Analogous Structures Talk to the Text What are you thinking? What do you notice? Questions? How does this show some sort of relatedness? we are looking for similarities, differences and the reasons why

Vestigial Structures Talk to the Text What are you thinking? What do you notice? Questions? How does this show some sort of relatedness? we are looking for similarities, differences and the reasons why we are looking for similarities, differences and the reasons why

Embryology Talk to the Text What are you thinking? What do you notice? Questions? How does this show some sort of relatedness? we are looking for similarities, differences and the reasons why Embryology

Cellular/Molecular Evidence gene sequence of 5 different species Talk to the Text What are you thinking? What do you notice? Questions? How does this show some sort of relatedness? we are looking for similarities, differences and the reasons why

P 28 Evidence of Evolution 1. Anatomy 2. Embryology a. Homologous Structures 3. Cellular/Molecular b. Analogous Structures 4. Fossils c. Vestigial Structures P 28 Evidence of Evolution

FIRST….hover for unfamiliar vocab Never seen it, or haven’t seen it in this context Do you NEED to know it before your read, or can you figure it out as you read (Is this going to be a roadblock to understanding what you are reading?) Add it to the list, and let’s start

Evidence of Evolution The evidence for evolution is compelling and extensive. Looking at every level of organization in living systems, biologists see the signature of past and present evolution. Darwin dedicated a large portion of his book, On the Origin of Species, to identifying patterns in nature that were consistent with evolution. Since Darwin, our understanding has become clearer and broader. Fossils, Anatomy, and Embryology Fossils provide solid evidence that organisms from the past are not the same as those found today; they show a progression of evolution. Scientists calculate the age of fossils and categorize them to determine when the organisms lived relative to each other. The resulting fossil record tells the story of the past and shows the evolution of form over millions of years. The whale flipper shares a similar morphology to appendages of birds and mammals, indicating that these species share a common ancestor. Over time, evolution led to changes in the shapes and sizes of these bones in different species, but they have maintained the same overall layout. Scientists call these synonymous parts homologous structures. They have a similar anatomy, but serve different functions in each organism because they have experienced different selective pressures in different environments. This is an example of divergent evolution. Some structures exist in organisms that have no apparent function at all, appearing to be residual parts from a common ancestor. These unused structures (such as wings on flightless birds, leaves on some cacti, and hind leg bones in whales) are vestigial. Another form of evidence of evolution is the convergence of form in organisms that share similar environments. For example, species of unrelated animals, such as butterflies and bats have evolved wings. These similarities occur not because of common ancestry, but because of similar (analogous) selection pressures in their environments: the benefits of flight. These types of similar structures are analogous structures.

Embryology, the study of the development of the anatomy of an organism to its adult form, provides evidence for evolution. Structures that are absent in the adults of some groups often appear in their embryonic forms, disappearing by the time the adult or juvenile form is reached. For example, all vertebrate embryos exhibit gill slits and tails at some point in their early development. These disappear in the adults of terrestrial groups, but are maintained in adults of aquatic groups, such as fish and some amphibians. Great ape embryos have a tail structure during their development that is lost by birth. Molecular Biology Like anatomical structures, the structures of the molecules of life provide evidence of an evolutionary relationship between organisms. Evidence of a common ancestor for all of life is reflected in the universality of DNA as the genetic material. In general, closely related organisms share a larger percent of DNA sequences, chemical processes, and proteins. For example: ferns are more closely related to grasses than mushrooms, because ferns and grasses go through photosynthesis, mushrooms do not. Dogs and bears have more similar DNA sequences with each other than they do with fish.

For each type of evidence: Summary statement for the type 1. Anatomy 2. Embryology a. Homologous Structures 3. Cellular/Molecular b. Analogous Structures 4. Fossils c. Vestigial Structures P 28 For each type of evidence: Summary statement for the type of relationship it shows How is is useful? Evidence of Evolution