Bell Ringer Wednesday October 4, 2017 Look at the following steps of the flow of energy through living systems. Write them in the order that you think is correct. Animals eat plants to get energy. Plants absorb sunlight . Plants use chemical energy to make organic compounds. Light from the sun reaches Earth. Plants convert sunlight into chemical energy.

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Energy Conversions in the Cell copyright cmassengale

Photosynthesis Video

copyright cmassengale Photosynthesis Energy & Life copyright cmassengale

Overview of Photosynthesis copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Autotrophs Plants and some other types of organisms that contain chlorophyll are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food. copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Autotrophs Autotrophs include organisms that make their own food Autotrophs can use the sun’s energy directly Euglena copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Heterotrophs Heterotrophs are organisms that can NOT make their own food Heterotrophs can NOT directly use the sun’s energy copyright cmassengale

Candles release energy as HEAT & LIGHT Energy Takes Many Forms such as light, heat, electrical, chemical, mechanical Energy can be changed from one form to another Energy can be stored in chemical bonds & then released later Candles release energy as HEAT & LIGHT copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale ATP – Cellular Energy Adenosine Triphosphate Contains two, high-energy phosphate bonds Also contains the nitrogen base adenine & a ribose sugar copyright cmassengale

One phosphate bond has been removed ADP Adenosine Diphosphate ATP releases energy, a free phosphate, & ADP when cells take energy from ATP One phosphate bond has been removed copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Sugar in ADP & ATP Called ribose Pentose sugar Also found on RNA copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Importance of ATP Principal Compound Used To Store Energy In Living Organisms copyright cmassengale

Releasing Energy From ATP ATP is constantly being used and remade by cells ATP provides all of the energy for cell activities The high energy phosphate bonds can be BROKEN to release energy The process of releasing ATP’s energy & reforming the molecule is called phosphorylation copyright cmassengale

Releasing Energy From ATP Adding A Phosphate Group To ADP stores Energy in ATP Removing A Phosphate Group From ATP Releases Energy & forms ADP Loose Gain copyright cmassengale

Cells Using Biochemical Energy Cells Use ATP For: Active transport Movement Photosynthesis Protein Synthesis Cellular respiration All other cellular reactions copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale More on ATP Cells Have Enough ATP To Last For A Few Seconds ATP must constantly be made ATP Transfers Energy Very Well ATP Is NOT Good At Energy Storage copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Glucose Glucose is a monosaccharide C6H12O6 One Molecule of glucose Stores 90 Times More Chemical Energy Than One Molecule of ATP copyright cmassengale

History of Photosynthesis & Plant Pigments copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Photosynthesis Involves the Use Of light Energy to convert Water (H20) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) into Oxygen (O2) and High Energy Carbohydrates (sugars, e.g. Glucose) & Starches copyright cmassengale

The Photosynthesis Equation copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Pigments In addition to water, carbon dioxide, and light energy, photosynthesis requires Pigments Chlorophyll is the primary light-absorbing pigment in autotrophs Chlorophyll is found inside chloroplasts copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Light and Pigments Energy From The Sun Enters Earth’s Biosphere As Photons Photon = Light Energy Unit Light Contains A Mixture Of Wavelengths Different Wavelengths Have Different Colors copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Light & Pigments Different pigments absorb different wavelengths of light Photons of light “excite” electrons in the plant’s pigments Excited electrons carry the absorbed energy Excited electrons move to HIGHER energy levels copyright cmassengale

Magnesium atom at the center of chlorophyll There are 2 main types of chlorophyll molecules: Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b A third type, chlorophyll c, is found in dinoflagellates Magnesium atom at the center of chlorophyll copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Chlorophyll a Found in all plants, algae, & cyanobacteria Makes photosynthesis possible Participates directly in the Light Reactions Can accept energy from chlorophyll b copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll b is an accessory pigment Chlorophyll b acts indirectly in photosynthesis by transferring the light it absorbs to chlorophyll a Like chlorophyll a, it absorbs red & blue light and REFLECTS GREEN copyright cmassengale

The Biochemical Reactions copyright cmassengale

It Begins with Sunlight! copyright cmassengale

Photoautotrophs Absorb Light Energy copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Inside A Chloroplast copyright cmassengale

Structure of the Chloroplast Double membrane organelle Outer membrane smooth Inner membrane forms stacks of connected sacs called thylakoids Thylakoid stack is called the granun (grana-plural) Gel-like material around grana called stroma copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Function of the Stroma Light Independent reactions occur here ATP used to make carbohydrates like glucose Location of the Calvin Cycle copyright cmassengale

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copyright cmassengale Thylakoid membranes Light Dependent reactions occur here Photosystems are made up of clusters of chlorophyll molecules Photosystems are embedded in the thylakoid membranes The two photosystems are: Photosytem I Photosystem II copyright cmassengale

Photosynthesis Overview copyright cmassengale

Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis Amount of available water Temperature Amount of available light energy copyright cmassengale

Bell Ringer Tuesday October 10, 2017 Copy and answer the following: In photosynthesis, is chlorophyll considered a reactant, a product, or neither? How does the role of chlorophyll compare with the roles of CO2 and H2O?

copyright cmassengale Cellular Respiration copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Cellular Respiration A catabolic (breaks down molecules), exergonic (releases energy), oxygen (O2) requiring process that uses energy extracted from macromolecules (glucose) to produce energy (ATP) and water (H2O). C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy glucose ATP copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Plants and Animals Plants - Autotrophs: self-producers. Animals - Heterotrophs: consumers. copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Mitochondria Organelle where cellular respiration takes place. Inner membrane space Matrix Cristae Outer membrane Inner membrane copyright cmassengale

Breakdown of Cellular Respiration Four main parts (reactions). 1. Glycolysis (splitting of sugar) a. cytosol, just outside of mitochondria. 2. Grooming Phase a. migration from cytosol to matrix. copyright cmassengale

Breakdown of Cellular Respiration 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) a. mitochondrial matrix 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation a. Also called Chemiosmosis b. inner mitochondrial membrane. copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Fermentation Occurs in cytosol when “NO Oxygen” is present (called anaerobic). Two Types: 1. Alcoholic Fermentation 2. Lactic Acid Fermentation copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Alcohol Fermentation End Products: Alcohol fermentation 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2 - CO2 2 - Ethanol’s (ALCOHOL) copyright cmassengale

Lactic Acid Fermentation End Products: Lactic acid fermentation 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2 - Lactic Acids copyright cmassengale

Eukaryotes (Have Membranes) Total ATP Yield 02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation) 04 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis 06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase 02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation) 18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle 04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle 36 ATP - TOTAL copyright cmassengale

Prokaryotes (Lack Membranes) Total ATP Yield 02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation) 06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis 06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase 02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation) 18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle 04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle 38 ATP - TOTAL copyright cmassengale

Catabolism of Various Food Molecules Other organic molecules used for fuel. 1. Carbohydrates: polysaccharides 2. Fats: glycerol’s and fatty acids 3. Proteins: amino acids copyright cmassengale

Respiration Video

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Bell Ringer Wednesday October 11, 2017 Answer the Following Questions:

Bell Ringer Thursday October 12, 2017 Complete the Venn Diagram comparing Photosynthesis and Respiration.

Bell Ringer Friday October 13, 2017 Copy and complete the following: Why are indicators used in the laboratory? What are two labs that we completed that used an indicator? copyright cmassengale