Please read this before using presentation Mines Safety Roadshow 2007 - Toolbox presentation Please read this before using presentation This presentation is based on content presented at the 2007 Mines Safety Roadshow held in October 2007 It is made available for non-commercial use (eg toolbox meetings) subject to the condition that the PowerPoint file is not altered without permission from Resources Safety Supporting resources, such as brochures and posters, are available from Resources Safety For resources, information or clarification, please contact: ResourcesSafety@docep.wa.gov.au or visit www.docep.wa.gov.au/ResourcesSafety

Mines Safety Roadshow 2007 - Toolbox presentation October 2007 Toolbox presentation: Ventilation issues in mining — diesel exhaust emissions October 2007

Mines Safety Roadshow 2007 - Toolbox presentation Legislation Mines Safety and Inspection Act 1994 — Section 9 Mines Safety and Inspection Regulations 1995 — Part 9 Ventilation and control of dust and atmospheric contaminants Mines Safety and Inspection Regulations 1995 — Part 10 Division 4 Specific requirements for underground mines – diesel units Relevant legislation Act and regulations available from State Law Publishers at www.slp.wa.gov.au

What are diesel particulates? An exhaust emission from diesel engines Formed during the combustion process within engines Have elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) components Contain other components Elemental carbon is the analyte – i.e. it’s what we measure to assess exposure

What are diesel particulates? cont. Mines Safety Roadshow 2007 - Toolbox presentation What are diesel particulates? cont. “It is of particular importance that the fuel entering at the mouth should be thoroughly consumed and without the formation of soot.” Rudolf Diesel. From US Patent Number 00608845 dated 9 August 1898 The problems with diesel were recognised over a century ago

What are diesel particulates? cont. Particles are rapidly formed in exhaust Comprise spherules (nm) Agglomerations (µm) High surface areas! Source: AIOH Guideline – A Rogers

Mines Safety Roadshow 2007 - Toolbox presentation Airborne particle size distribution in a diesel-equipped mine Source: Airmet Scientific

Mines Safety Roadshow 2007 - Toolbox presentation Particle size Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_system

Health effects of diesel particulates Mines Safety Roadshow 2007 - Toolbox presentation Health effects of diesel particulates NIOSH 1988 IARC 1989 – probable carcinogen (International Agency for Research on Cancer) Diesel particulates are a vector for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and other organics Short-term respiratory irritation Health effects of diesel particulates are recognised as a significant public health issue especially as more road vehicles are powered by diesel Diesel particulates are being increasingly recognised as significant public health issues Recognised underground where ventilation is important factor Need to consider other potential exposures in workplace

Emission control — road fleet Mines Safety Roadshow 2007 - Toolbox presentation Emission control — road fleet Western Australia Department of Environment and Conservation – Cleanrun Program Federal (DOTARS) DT80 testing – fuel tax credits for road vehicles Cleanrun program – visit http://portal.environment.wa.gov.au/portal/page?_pageid=54,6011037&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL DT80 – visit http://www.dotars.gov.au/roads/environment/fuel_tax_credit/index.aspx

Control methods Fuels Engine design and maintenance Emission control devices Ventilation Measuremement Exhaust emissions Employee exposure

Fuels Fuel quality Low / ultra low sulphur Biodiesels Additives / conditioners Storage Source: http://www.dieselcraft.com/Fuel%20Web%20page_2.jpg

Maintenance Adequate maintenance is essential to limiting diesel particulate emissions Scheduling of maintenance Placing vehicles out of service

Emission control Catalytic converters Advanced catalytic converters Particulate filters Diesel oxidation catalysts Catalysed diesel particulate filters Temperature Insulation of exhaust systems Traffic management

Mines Safety Roadshow 2007 - Toolbox presentation Diesel particulate filter Source: http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/data?pid=avimage&iid=ivfhybAdhM0c Source: http://www.meca.org/galleries/default-image/diesel_particulate_filter.gif

Monitoring — emissions How often? What is the method being used – “according to manufacturer’s instructions”? Measure smoke / particulate emissions? Smoke meters Opacity meters Integrated emission monitors Diesel Detective What emission levels are used?

Monitoring — personal exposure Ventilation Officer What monitoring is being done? What methods are being used? What are the results? What action is being taken?

Diesel particulate exposure Underground mines MERIWA Report 195 (1996) MSHA Data DOCEP – Resources Safety - CONTAM 05/06 quota Other exposures Vehicle maintenance workshops Small diesels used in enclosed areas Diesel-powered machinery handling materials in closed sheds Load-out tunnels Public exposures

Contaminant monitoring — CONTAM Diesel particulate (measured as elemental carbon) added as a contaminant Contaminant code DP Sampling equipment code DM Most underground mines had diesel particulates included in CONTAM quotas Diesel particulates will be included in other CONTAM quotas where relevant

Mines Safety Roadshow 2007 - Toolbox presentation NIOSH analytical method

Mines Safety Roadshow 2007 - Toolbox presentation DPM sampling – SKC DP Cassette Source: SKC Inc

Future developments Other sampling techniques Personal exposure monitoring Exhaust monitoring Diesel Detective exhaust monitor Auditing of fleet maintenance, emission control and testing DPM included in surface operation CONTAM quotas where potential exposures exist Research - MERIWA

Further information MineSafe magazine articles A Guideline for the Evaluation and Control of Diesel Particulate in the Occupational Environment AIOH – Davies and Rogers www.aioh.org.au (guideline is under Links and Resources / publications) MDG 29 Draft Guideline for the Management of Diesel Engine Pollutants in Underground Environments (24 January 2007) NSW - DPI www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/minerals/safety/publications/mdg

Further information cont. NIOSH: US National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health — Diesel emissions and measurement control in mining page www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/topics/topicpage2.htm DieselNet: online information service on clean diesel engines and diesel emissions www.dieselnet.com DEEP – Diesel Emissions Evaluation Program www.deep.org US Mines Safety and Health Administration diesel page www.msha.gov/01-995/dieselpart.HTM