Civil Rights LG: I will explain the concept of equality and assess the rights of citizens by comparing and contrasting the efforts of various groups to obtain equal protection of the law.

I. Equality & Equal Rights A. Equality of opportunity regardless of race, ethnic origin, religion, and sex

II. Citizenship 14th amendment states “all persons born…” Naturalization: granting citizenship to aliens

15.1 Table 15.1: Requirements for naturalization Here we can see a full list of requirements. In addition to the residency requirements we just mentioned, some less tangible requirements focus on character.

III. Equal Justice Racial Equality Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857: “persons of African descent cannot be nor were ever intended to be, citizens” Civil War Amendments: 13, 14, & 15 Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896: “separate but equal” doctrine is constitutional leads to Jim Crow laws Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1954: “separate but equal doctrine” is unconstitutional Civil Rights Act of 1964: forbids discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or nationality

Brown v. Board of Education 15.6 Brown v. Board of Education Thurgood Marshall (center), George C. E. Hayes (left), and James Nabrit Jr. (right) argued and won Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka before the Supreme Court in 1954.

IV. Women’s Rights First Feminist wave Second Feminist wave 1. Struggle for suffrage= 19th Amendment, 1920 Second Feminist wave Civil Rights Act 1964: prohibits employment discrimination based on sex Title IX Education Act of 1972: prohibited gender discrimination of education programs (athletics)

FIGURE 15.1: Percentage of Bachelor’s Degrees Awarded, by Sex 15.2 FIGURE 15.1: Percentage of Bachelor’s Degrees Awarded, by Sex What factors might affect the variation in men’s college attendance from the 1920s through the 1950s? 8