Immunity and Blood Groups

Types of immunity

Organic substances/foreign toxins Molecular weight 6000 Dalton Antigen Organic substances/foreign toxins Molecular weight 6000 Dalton Formed from-proteins, polysaccharide, sugar, lipids, nucleic acids Stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies Active area-antigenic determinants/epitope valency-No. of epitopes

Antibody structure

Antibody Immunoglobin Ig- specific gamma-globulin protein. Paratope-part of antibody which reacts with antigens. Y-shaped-4 polypeptides- 2H & 2L HL dimer 2 homogeneous hemisphere-disulphide bond Heavy chain-440 amino acids Light chain- 220 amino acids Carbohydrate region- heavy chain Variable region Fab- NH2 Constant region Fc- COOH Hinge region

Types of antibodies Delta-δ mu -μ Alpha - α gamma -ϒ Epsilon-ϵ

Type of antibodies Location Function IgM B-LYMPHOCYTES Largest 10% Primary antibody response IgA In colustrum Protects respiratory organ and alimentary canal IgG Placenta Natural passive immunity to foetus and newborn IgE Basophils and mast cells Mediator in allergic responses IgD Surface of B-lymphocytes Activates B-cells to secrete antibodies

Blood groups ABO ICH

ABO Blood grouping genotype and phenotype

Rh Factor Rh.D 85% Protein – 417 amino acids Macaca Rhesus 85% Positive Agglutination-bilirubin Erythroblastosis foetalis RhoGAM Rh.D 85% Rh.E 30% Rh.e 78% Rh.C 80% Rh.c

Blood Transfusion Injuries Deficiency Surgeries LPC Hemophilia Sickle cell anemia