New Government in Operation http://www.americanwars101.com/warof1812.html picture Level 2

Vocabulary Counterattack: to attack back Impressment: forcing people to serve in a navy War Hawk: someone who wanted a war Artillery: large fire arms (ex. cannon) POW: prisoners of war Massacre: unnecessary mass killing Battery: fortification filled with artillery Tecumseh: Shawnee Chief and a leader of the Indian Confederacy who fought against US settlers on the western frontier

Essential Questions What were the causes of the War of 1812 What were some of the major battles of the War of 1812? What were the results of the War of 1812 How do you think relations between the Native American and the US will progress in the future?

Causes of the War of 1812 France and Britain hurt American trade by seizing ships. Britain impressed US sailors into the British navy. Britain encouraged attacks by Natives on settlers in the territory between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. British refused to remove troops from the Louisiana Territory. War Hawks wanted to add Canada to the States as well as Florida from Spain. Americans desired the expansion of the country.

Events in the War of 1812 Battles and Movements of US and British troops Three Areas of Conflict Great Lakes Area Chesapeake Bay Area New Orleans Area

Events in the War of 1812: Constitution “Old Ironsides” vs. Guerriere U.S.S. Constitution outgunned and was faster than any other ship. Constitution got close to HMS Guerriere while taking little damage. The British fired first on the up roll of the waves, They shot high into Constitution’s rigging and sails which did little damage. The Americans waited to fire on the down roll, striking Guerriere’s hull and masts that destroyed the British ship. Constitution suffered little damage and had 7 killed and 7 wounded Guerriere was too damaged to salvage and was burned. Britain had 79 casualties. Victory over Guerriere helped establish the ability of the US Navy. Game http://www.historum.com/war-military-history/18294-naval-warfare-age-sail-picture-thread.html (picture) http://www.navalhistory.org/2010/08/19/old-ironsides-u-s-s-constitution-vs-h-m-s-guerriere/ The USS Constitution captures HMS Guerriere, 19 August 1812

Events in the War of 1812: Battle of Lake Erie Sept. 10, 1813 “We have met the enemy and they are ours…” (August 1, 1813) Britain withdrew its blockade and the American fleet sailed into Lake Erie (Sept. 10) USS Lawrence and 8 other American ships, 54 guns vs. Detroit and 5 other ships 63 cannons that had a range twice as long as the Americans, met on Lake Erie. Lawrence suffered about 80% casualties and Commodore Perry had to abandon ship and row to Niagara to attack again. The British tried to turn their ships to face with the non-bombarded side but collided with each other and were entangled. Perry attacked and the British surrendered. Results: American control of Lake Erie Improved American morale Fort Malden was abandoned and the British retreated up to Detroit 6 ships were taken by the Americans Picture: http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/canadaweb/factfile/Unique-facts-Canada5.htm Reference: http://eriemaritimemuseum.org/maritime_museum/History/battle_of_lake_erie/index.htm Reference: http://www.nps.gov/pevi/historyculture/battle_erie_detail.htm

Events in the War of 1812: Battle of Horseshoe Bend Background: (1813–14), The Creeks were in a civil war between those who followed Tecumseh and those who were willing to change their way of living to appease the whites. Red Sticks (followers of Tecumseh) attacked white settlements. The Red Sticks went to Pensacola to get firearms from the Spanish and were ambushed by Americans from Fort Mims. The Red Sticks counterattacked & the US retreated to Fort Mims. The US didn’t reinforce defenses and the main gate was left open. (August 30, 1813), The Red Sticks conducted a surprise attack on 553 frontiersmen at Fort Mims. The Red Sticks defeated the Americans and then massacred most of the survivors including women and children. In response to the massacre, General Andrew Jackson and 5,000 militiamen attacked a fortified Creek village at Horseshoe Bend Red Sticks were greatly outnumbered Armaments destroyed the defenses About 800 warriors died 500 women and children were imprisoned Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek Indians http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/tdgh-mar/mar27.htm picture source http://www.history.com/topics/creek-war http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/54horseshoe/54horseshoe.htm resource with pictures and viewpoint activity good for enrichment

Events in the War of 1812: Battle of Horseshoe Bend Result: Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814) The Creeks ceded most of their lands in southern Alabama to Georgia

Events in the War of 1812: Burning of Washington D.C. August 24, 1814 British defeated American militiamen at the Battle of Bladensburg, Maryland, where President Madison took command of one of the batteries. The British marched unopposed into Washington, D.C.  Government officials left the capital. The British army entered Washington. British troops looted and burned the President’s House, the Capitol building, House of Representatives and Library of Congress, a number of federal buildings, and several private homes to get revenge for York. (August 26) The British withdrew. Reference: http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/british-capture-and-burn-washington Picture and reference: http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_history/white-house-stories/famous-white-house-fires.html Tom Freeman's painting of the August 24, 1814 burning of the President’s House by British troops during the War of 1812.

Events in the War of 1812: Battle of Baltimore Sept. 12, 1814 British troops landed near Baltimore. Defense of Baltimore was well prepared to slow the advancement of the British troops. 9,000 US militia The British crossed the North Point Peninsula between two rivers where the Maryland militia waited with 3,000. The British broke through the first two American lines and the militia withdrew. They failed to break the third American line, and their land path to Baltimore was blocked. The British tried to capture Fort McHenry to open the water route to Baltimore: The British had five bomb ketches capable of firing mortar rounds 4,000 yards, twice the range of the guns of the Fort. The rounds dropped all day and night When morning broke and the civilians saw the American flag still flying, they were relieved. Francis Scott Key wrote the first verse of the Star Spangled Banner that would later become the US national anthem. The British withdrew. It was an American victory. Francis Scott Key, a young poet-lawyer, witnessed the bombardment of Fort McHenry while under British guard on an American truce ship in the Patapsco River. Seeing his country's flag still flying over the Fort the next morning, he was moved to pen these immortal lines: O say, can you see, by the dawn's early light, What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming? Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the perilous fight, O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming! And the rockets's red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there: O say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave? On the shore, dimly seen through the mists of the deep, Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes, What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep, As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? Now it catches the gleam of the mornings' first beam, In full glory reflected now shines on the stream: 'Tis the star-spangled banner! O long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave! And where is that band who so vauntingly swore That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion A home and a country should leave us no more? Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps pollution. No refuge could save the hireling and slave From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave: And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave! O thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand Between their loved homes and the war's desolation! Blest with victory and peace, may the heaven-rescued land Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation Then conquer we must when our cause it is just And this be our motto: "In God is our trust." And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave! Reference: http://baltimore.org/arts-and-culture/fort-mchenry Reference: http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/wwww/us/baltimorebattle1812def.htm Reference: http://www.historycentral.com/1812/baltimore.html

Events in the War of 1812: Hartford Convention 1814 New England shipping suffered because of the war but the Federalists overlooked the boom in industry in New England. Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Vermont sent delegates to Hartford for secret meetings. Some wanted to secede or at least threaten secession to get their way but most thought that was too radical and were worried that seceding from the Union could start a civil war. Hartford Convention's final demands: Federal financial aid to help New England's trade economy 7 Constitutional amendments The members of the Hartford Convention sent messengers with their demands to Washington. They arrived as news of the Treaty of Ghent and the victory in New Orleans reached the city. As a result of the timing, no real thought was given to the demands. Importance: continued the idea of states' rights Federalist party began to die out http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/warof1812/section8.rhtml reference http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/hartconv.asp reference Picture: http://ec2-50-16-227-110.compute-1.amazonaws.com/media/store/page-media/wned-war-1812/68/cartoonResized.jpg Enrichment question: Do you think the Hartford Convention would have been greeted if the Treaty of Ghent hadn’t been signed. Do you think this could have changed the outcome of the war?

The End of the War of 1812: Treaty of Ghent December 24, 1814 Restored pre-war status: End hostilities End British influence in Northwest Territory Restoration of conquered territory Arbitration for boundary disputes Picture and reference: http://war1812.tripod.com/treaty.html treaty of Ghent and http://www.americanwars101.com/documents/1812-1815/treaty-ghent.html

Events in the War of 1812: Battle of New Orleans Jan. 8, 1815 A British fleet of more than 50 ships prepared to attack New Orleans. General Jackson moved his army (7,000 militia) to New Orleans to help defend it. News of the peace treaty hadn’t yet reached either side. 7,500 British attacked their position. Jackson had fortified his position very well. Fighting lasted half an hour. British withdrew U.S. victory British casualties: about 2,000 (289 killed) American casualties: 71 (31 killed) Jackson became an American hero Battle of New Orleans link: by Johnny Horton song number 13 Lyrics: In 1814 we took a little trip Along with Colonel Jackson down the mighty Mississip. We took a little bacon and we took a little beans And we caught the bloody British in the town of New Orleans. [Chorus:] We fired our guns and the British kept a'comin. There wasn't nigh as many as there was a while ago. We fired once more and they began to runnin' on Down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. We looked down the river and we see'd the British come. And there must have been a hundred of'em beatin' on the drum. They stepped so high and they made the bugles ring. We stood by our cotton bales and didn't say a thing. [Chorus] Old Hickory said we could take 'em by surprise If we didn't fire our muskets 'til we looked 'em in the eye We held our fire 'til we see'd their faces well. Then we opened up with squirrel guns and really gave 'em ... well [Chorus] Yeah, they ran through the briars and they ran through the brambles And they ran through the bushes where a rabbit couldn't go. They ran so fast that the hounds couldn't catch 'em Down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.** We fired our cannon 'til the barrel melted down. So we grabbed an alligator and we fought another round. We filled his head with cannon balls, and powdered his behind And when we touched the powder off, the gator lost his mind. [Chorus] Yeah, they ran through the briars and they ran through the brambles And they ran through the bushes where a rabbit couldn't go. They ran so fast that the hounds couldn't catch 'em Down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.** Information modified from : Feldmeth, Greg D. "U.S. History Resources"  http://home.earthlink.net/~gfeldmeth/USHistory.html (31 March 1998). Picture credit: CREDIT: Yeager, Joseph, engraver, publisher. "Battle of New Orleans and death of Major General Packenham [sic] on the 8th of January, 1815 / West del. ; J. Yeager sc.," 1816(?). Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress. Reproduction Number LC-USZ62-62. http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/nation/jb_nation_jackson_1.html Reference: http://www.history.com/topics/battle-of-new-orleans

Effects of the War of 1812 The British recognized US boundaries and left the Northwest Territory. The US gained national pride. US industry increased due to the end of trade with Britain. The Federalist Party, which was against the war, disappeared. Weakened Native resistance

Essential Questions What were the causes of the War of 1812 What were some of the major battles of the War of 1812? What were the results of the War of 1812 How do you think relations between the Native American and the US will progress in the future?