Armenia and Armenians under Ottoman Dominion 1500-1914 Lecture By: Garabet K Moumdjian
Ottoman Empire Under Suleyman The Magnificent
Ottoman Empire in 1683
Armenians brought to Constantinople Yoakim (Hovagim) brought from Bursa and the Formation of the Armenian Patriarchate in Constantinople Fatih and the Armenians The “Millet System
The Millet System Muslims Christians Jews Other
Millet System Muslims Turks Kurds [???] Arabs (other stratifications) Christians Armenians Assyrians Other Jews
Millet System “Armenians” Gregorian Catholics Evangelical (Protestants) What was the reason for this stratification?
Armenian Millet and Evangelism or Missionary Movements Turks and Muslims can’t change their faith Therefore missionaries had to work on Christians and especially Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
The Esnaf System Another stratification of Armenians within the Empire “Unions” [Esnafs, Hamkyars] divided according to trade and profession
Armenian Internal Reorganization of 1863 The Church Constitution (1861-1864) The Amira Class The Sarrafs The Timar System The Bankers The Intellectuals
The Constitution and its Aftermath Changes within the Armenian Community Educational Institutions Flourish The Armenian Provinces comes to the forefront (educational institutions, etc.) Issues Regarding Armenians living in the Provinces
Self Defense and the Idea of Autonomy or Self Rule Kurdish Marauders Inefficient central government Heavy Taxation Kinds of Taxes
National Awakening The “Sev Khatch” [Black Cross] Movement in Van The “Bashdban Hayreniats” [Defenders of the Motherland] in Erzurum The first reactions: Highwaymen, Arapo, etc…
Revolutionary Movement Russia getting Lands from Persian and Ottoman Empire from 1828 to 1878 The 4 Armenian Khanates: 1-Erevan, 2-Nakhichevan, 3-Ganja (Elisavetpol), and 4-Karabagh Population Exchanges (especially after the 1876-78 war) Eastern Armenians are now involved in Western Armenian issue…
Russian Advances into “Armenian” Lands
Ottoman Tanzimat Period Tanzimat: Reforms Young Ottomans: Midhat Pasha 1st Constitution and parliament in 1876 Abdul Hamid becomes Sultan Russo-Turkish War of 1876-1878 changes in the “road map” Abdul Hamid’s Anti-Armenian Policy starts
Demands for Autonomy Russian advance into Ottoman Empire and the Treaty of San Stefano (1878) Article 16 Treaty of Berlin [Berlin Conference] (1878) Article 61 Internationalization of the “Armenian Case”
Revolutionary Movement (continued) The Political parties: Armenagan (1885) Hnchakian (1887) ARF (1890-1892) Revolutionary activities
Revolutionary Movement (continued) Massacres of 1894-1896 May Reform Project (1895) Revolutionary acts: Kum Kapu Demonstration (1890, Hnchaks) Bank Ottoman Event (1906, Tashnaks)
The Young Turks Relations and negotiations with Abdul Hamid (Through Foreign Minister Dadian Amira) Relations with Young Turks Federation and/or Confederation vs. centralization 1908 Revolution and the 2nd Constitutional Period (1908-1914) Armenian-Young Turk (CUP) relations
The 2 Armenian “Vilayets” Project of 1912-1913
Ottoman Empire and CUP Enters WWI
Treaty of Sevres and “Wilsonian Armenia” Project
Treaty of Kars 1921
Treaty of Lausanne