Frog Anatomy & Physiology         

Amphibian- lives part of its life in water and part on land, ex Amphibian- lives part of its life in water and part on land, ex. Frogs Cold-blooded— internal body temperature changes with environment’s temperature

MEMBRANE—thin tissue that allows things to pass through it MESENTARY —thin, connective tissue that holds blood vessels to organs

EXTERIOR - outside Nostrils-holes for breathing Ear drum-hear Eyes-see, two eyelids, one is clear for seeing underwater

Foreleg-balance Hind leg-hop & swim Webbed toes-swimming

Inside Mouth Tongue – attached at front of mouth --forked at tip --sticky

Teeth – two in middle, tooth “ridges” along the outer edge of the mouth Nostril-openings in roof of mouth

SKELETAL SYSTEM Vertebrates-bones throughout body

Skeletal Organs Bones-structure, protection, locomotion Cartilage-cushions between bones

Skeletal Organs Ligaments-attaches bone to bone (long) Tendons-attaches muscles to bones (tense)

MUSCULAR SYSTEM Voluntary Muscles -- Provide movement by PULLING bones. Striated muscles – pull bones (muscles never push)

MUSCULAR SYSTEM Operate the organs Involuntary Muscles -- Cardiac muscles- heart Smooth muscles- organs

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Organs: HEART—three chambers, pumps blood around the body

ARTERIES—carry blood Away from the heart to the cells

CAPILLARIES—connect blood vessels to cells, exchange nutrients and oxygen for wastes and carbon dioxide with cells

VEINS—bring blood back to the heart

Artery Capillaries Vein Body cells are all around the capillaries Artery Capillaries Vein

SPLEEN—repairs or destroys damaged red blood cells BLOOD—carries nutrients, oxygen, liquid wastes and carbon dioxide

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM SKIN—absorbs oxygen while underwater MOUTH & NOSTRILS —Breathe in oxygen on land

EYES —force the air into the lungs TRACHEA—passes oxygen to lungs BRONCHIAL TUBES—passage ways into lungs

LUNGS—absorb oxygen into the blood stream, release carbon dioxide ALVEOLI—air sacs in lungs

Remember: Respiration is using oxygen to release energy from nutrients Remember: Respiration is using oxygen to release energy from nutrients. Every animal does this to survive.

NERVOUS SYSTEM BRAIN—receives, interprets and sends messages to the neurons.

SPINAL CORD —carries messages to and from the brain (inside the backbone)

SENSORY NEURONS – sense stimuli and send messages to the brain.

MOTOR NEURONS – responds to the environment.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM TONGUE—sticky, forked at tip, attached at front of mouth MOUTH—closes on prey (food)

TEETH—two in the roof of the mouth- cage the prey —maxillary ridges around the outside of the mouth

ESOPHAGUS—moves food to stomach STOMACH—breaks food up with grinding and acid

SMALL INTESTINE —finishes digesting and absorbs nutrients into blood stream

LARGE INTESTINE —absorbs water

CLOACA --eliminates solid wastes to outside

PANCREAS—puts digestive enzymes into the small intestine ENZYMES—break up food into nutrients

LIVER—stores nutrients from digestion —makes bile BILE—chemically breaks down fat

GALL BLADDER—stores bile from liver —puts bile into the small intestine to digest fat

FAT BODIES—store nutrients to help get through the winter.

Frog’s Diet (Food) Frogs eat insects, minnows, earthworms, moles, mice and spiders. They are carnivores (meat eaters)

TERMS: Mechanical Digestion Breaking down food physically like chewing or stomach grinding.

Chemical Digestion Breaking down food with chemicals like saliva, bile, pancreatic fluids, stomach acid

Enzymes Chemicals used to break down food

Peristalsis-the action of muscles pushing food along the digestive tract

EXCRETORY SYSTEM KIDNEY– filters out the liquid wastes from the blood stream URETER– a tube that goes from the kidney to the urinary bladder

URINARY BLADDER– holds the liquid wastes until released CLOACA– eliminates the liquid and solid wastes to outside the body

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Ovaries—make female sex cell (ova or eggs) Oviduct-carries eggs from ovaries to cloaca

Testes— make male sex cell (sperm) Cloaca—lets sperm and eggs out of the body

Sexual reproduction— Two frogs are needed for reproduction. External fertilization: happens outside the frog in the water

Frog Life Cycle eggs tadpoles tadpoles with legs egg mass young frog frog froglets

Metamorphosis --a complete change in body as the animal develops.

Tadpole Frog Tail No tail Gills Skin, lungs No legs Four legs

Dynamic Equilibrium Constantly changing to keep the body healthy

All animals do dynamic equilibrium and cellular respiration (using oxygen to release energy from nutrients).