Taxonomy of Wood Products Solid Wood Products

Wood Products Taxonomy Solid Wood Softwood Lumber Boards Dimension Lumber Timber Machine Stress Rated Glued Wood Finger Joined Edge Glued Treated Hardwood Composites Panels Particleboard Medium Density Fibreboard Plywood Oriented Strandboard Engineered Lumber Composites Glue Laminated Timber Laminated Veneer Lumber Oriented Strand Lumber Wood Products Taxonomy Engineered Wood Products I - Beams Cross Laminated Timber

Wood Products Taxonomy Solid Wood Softwood Lumber Boards Dimension Lumber Timber Machine Stress Rated Glued Wood Finger Joined Edge Glued Treated Hardwood Composites Panels Particleboard Medium Density Fibreboard Plywood Oriented Strandboard Engineered Lumber Composites Glue Laminated Timber Laminated Veneer Lumber Oriented Strand Lumber Wood Products Taxonomy Engineered Wood Products I - Beams Cross Laminated Timber

Dimension Lumber  “2 by 4”, “2 by 6”, “2 by 8” construction lumber  Majority of lumber produced in North America  Production grew approx. 1.4% p.a. from 1985-2005 Bulk commodity product with little specialization Used mainly in residential construction

Dimension Lumber

Dimension lumber - sizes 4.0” 3.7” 3.5” 2.0” 1.7” 1.5” Rough sawn After drying After planing (“nominal” size) (actual size) “Two by four”

Dimension Lumber - sizes Thickness – increments of 2 inches Width – increments of 2 inches Length – increments of 2 feet Softwood lumber pricing (US$/MBF) Product Length (ft) 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 2 x 4 215 245 240 270 260 2 x 6 235 265 2 x 8 220 255 275 290 2 x 10 195 200 300 315 Premiums for larger cross-section dimensions and lengths.

Dimension Lumber Majority of production sold in US SPF species group (Spruce-Pine-Fir)

Typical Canadian residential construction

Softwood Boards  Non-structural, finished product BC Wood Specialties  Non-structural, finished product 1” thick material, 2” width increments, 2’ length increments  Markets are: export, industrial, home centres

Softwood boards Canadian softwood board species Wall panelling

Softwood boards Furniture Decorative panelling

Timber  Minimum dimensions 5.5” High value product Majority goes to export markets  Production is decreasing

Timber Post and beam construction Architectural value as well as structural role Higher value product than smaller dimensions ($/m3)

Timber http://www.flickr.com/photos/monahan/3083747492/ Danzaland, Flickr 100_9859, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

Timber

Timber Cut from large diameter, old-growth logs Emphasis is on quality rather than speed of production

Solid softwood lumber – species Boards Dimension lumber Timber Spruce SPF Douglas-fir Douglas-fir Douglas-fir Cedars Pines Hemlock Hemlock Cedars

Machine Stress Rated Lumber Lumber is graded by machine rather than manually Uses non-destructive measurement of stiffness to predict strength of lumber pieces  Structural end-uses  Value-added lumber product  Trusses are large market

Bending test Load Deflection Maximum load Modulus of Rupture MOR “strength” Load Linear portion of curve Modulus of Elasticity MOE “stiffness” Deflection

MOE – MOR relationship MOR “strength” MOE “stiffness” MOR predicted x MOE measured MOE “stiffness”

Machine Stress Rated Lumber Sensor Rollers Load cell Lumber

Machine Stress Rated Lumber mill designation grading agency species group ® A.F.P.A. 00 S-P-F MACHINE RATED S-DRY 1800f 1.6E moisture content when surfaced Grade: modulus of elasticity (x106 psi) Grade: bending strength (psi, allowable stress) (Alberta Forest Products Association)

MSR lumber in roof trusses

Common truss configurations

Softwood lumber prices Prices in $US per thousand board feet (Mfbm) (2x4, random lengths) SPF, 2400f $ 450 SPF, 2100f $ 435 SPF, 1800f $ 425 SPF, 1650f $ 405 D-fir, #2 and better $ 420 SPF, #2 and better $ 372

Wood Products Taxonomy Solid Wood Softwood Lumber Boards Dimension Lumber Timber Machine Stress Rated Glued Wood Finger Joined Edge Glued Treated Hardwood Composites Panels Particleboard Medium Density Fibreboard Plywood Oriented Strandboard Engineered Lumber Composites Glue Laminated Timber Laminated Veneer Lumber Oriented Strand Lumber Wood Products Taxonomy Engineered Wood Products I - Beams Cross Laminated Timber

Short lengths Longer lengths e.g. dimension lumber trim ends

Removal of defects defect, e.g. knots Butt joint (end grain)

Finger Jointed Lumber Longer lengths produced from shorter stock Allow defects to be reduced End-to-end joints via side-grain gluing

Finger Jointed Lumber BC Wood Specialties www.ufpi.com  Structural or non-structural joints can be made Longer fingers → greater strengths Increased dimensional stability in resulting piece  Utilized in lumber, glulam, I-beams

Finger joints Narrower edge Wider face

Dimensional stability of finger joined lumber Warping tendency of any one piece is randomized in its location in finger-joined lumber and resulting piece is more dimensionally stable.

Finger joined stud wall of garage

Edge-glued Panels  Edge-lamination of wood  Greater widths from narrow material  Dimensionally stable-panel produced  Industrial and finished retail products

Wood dryng defects Tangential shrinkage > Radial shrinkage Natural tendency to “cup” Cupping is greater in wider pieces of wood

Dimensional stability of edge-glued panels Randomization of end grain patterns Less likely to cup

Edge-glued panels

Wood Products Taxonomy Solid Wood Softwood Lumber Boards Dimension Lumber Timber Machine Stress Rated Glued Wood Finger Joined Edge Glued Treated Hardwood Composites Panels Particleboard Medium Density Fibreboard Plywood Oriented Strandboard Engineered Lumber Composites Glue Laminated Timber Laminated Veneer Lumber Oriented Strand Lumber Wood Products Taxonomy Engineered Wood Products I - Beams Cross Laminated Timber

Treated Wood Preserves the wood against fungal degradation For wood used in external conditions Effectively poisons the wood Chemical agent is either water-borne or oil-borne Usually introduced into wood using pressure treatment

Treated Wood Examples of preservatives Creosote Pentachlorophenol (PCP) Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) Ammoniacal copper quaternary (ACQ)

Treated Wood Pressure treatment vessels

Treated Wood Examples of preservative use Creosote Pentachlorophenol (PCP)

Treated Wood Examples of preservative use CCA ACQ

Pressure-treated Wood Non-incised lumber Incised lumber The retention of wood preservatives in wood species which do not readily abosrb the preservative chemical can be enhanced by incising the wood.

Wood Products Taxonomy Solid Wood Softwood Lumber Boards Dimension Lumber Timber Machine Stress Rated Glued Wood Finger Joined Edge Glued Treated Hardwood Composites Panels Particleboard Medium Density Fibreboard Plywood Oriented Strandboard Engineered Lumber Composites Glue Laminated Timber Laminated Veneer Lumber Oriented Strand Lumber Wood Products Taxonomy Engineered Wood Products I - Beams Cross Laminated Timber

Hardwood Lumber Visual appearance of lumber is key Used for decorative and architectural purposes rather than structural products Flooring, trim & molding, joinery, cabinets, furniture

Hardwood Lumber

Hardwood Lumber Grading system based on cutting high quality boards from rough lumber. Thickness – usually 1 inch (but also other thicknesses) Width – random widths Length – increments of 1 foot

Lumber Grading Softwood vs. Harwoods

Lumber Grading - softwoods Softwood grading considers that the piece of lumber will be used as it stands and will not undergo subsequent reprocessing. Therefore the greatest defect in the piece decides the grade of that piece of lumber.

Lumber Grading - harwoods Hardwood boards are graded on the amount of clear (defect-free) wood that can be obtained after the removal of defects. The boards are either “ripped” along the grain, or “chopped” across the grain to produce smaller, clear pieces are called “cuttings”. Cuttings are then used in the production of other items such as edge-glued panels or furniture.

Solid softwood lumber Dimension Lumber Timber Boards Machine Stress Rated Lumber

Other solid lumber products Edge-glued Panels Finger Jointed lumber Treated Wood Hardwood