17 DEC 08 IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-5 DRILL Which of the following data sets is the potential source for the pie chart below? A B C 101% U.S. Energy Use 1996

Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-5 Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels Fuel Types Non-renewable Fossil Fuels Coal, Natural Gas, Petroleum (Oil) Nuclear – Uranium ore Renewable Biofuels, Biomass, Geothermal, Hydro, Solar, Tidal, Wave, Wind DONE We’ll get to the rest in “Power Plants”

Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-5 Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels Renewable Fuels Fuels produced from renewable resources Renewable Resources: A natural resource replenished by natural processes at a rate comparable or faster than its rate of consumption by humans or other users. http://www.eia.doe.gov/basics/renewalt_basics.html

Renewable Fuels – Biofuel IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-5 Renewable Fuels – Biofuel Any fuel with an 80% minimum content by volume of materials derived from living organisms harvested within 10 years of fuel manufacture Ford’s “Model T” – 1st affordable automobile – designed to run on ethanol The diesel engine – invented 1897 – was designed to run on biodiesel Like coal, natural gas, and petroleum, biofuel is a form of stored solar energy It is biodegradable http://biomass-fuelsources.com/ http://global-warming.accuweather.com/biofuel-thumb.gif

Renewable Fuels – Biofuel IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-5 Renewable Fuels – Biofuel Sources Bio Waste – biogas (methane) Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) ~70% of landfill MSW is biofuel material Sewage sludge Animal waste and manure Used oils Edible Foods Animal fats, vegetable oils, seeds, corn, wheat, sugar beets, sugar cane, etc. http://sungrant.oregonstate.edu/docs/Biowaste_working_group_whitepaper.pdf http://www.oilgae.com/

Renewable Fuels – Biofuel IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-5 Sources (cont.) Non-edible Parts of Foods Agricultural residues (peels, skins, husks, straw, cores, fish heads) Algae Yields of algal oil are greater than traditional oilseeds Can grow for from farmlands and forests, minimizing damage to those ecosystems/food chains Can be grown in sewages and next to smokestacks to digest pollutants and give oil http://sungrant.oregonstate.edu/docs/Biowaste_working_group_whitepaper.pdf http://www.oilgae.com/

Renewable Fuels – Biofuel IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-5 Renewable Fuels – Biofuel Biofuel Types Vegetable Oil Lower quality (not quite edible) used for fuel oil Used veg. oil increasingly used for biodiesel Restaurant cooking oil sold/stolen and used Bioalcohols Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, Butanol Energy content comparable to gasoline “Flexfuel” systems can run on gasoline or ethanol http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24729484/ http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/calMAX/Connection/2003/Spring.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_fuel

Renewable Fuels – Biofuel IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-5 Biofuel Types Bioalcohols (cont.) Ethanol most common biofuel worldwide Brazil is largest source of ethanol E85 – most common type – 85% ethanol, 15% gasoline. Chemical Formula: Methane = CH4 Methanol = CH4O = CH3OH Ethane = C2H6 Ethanol = C2H6O = C2H5OH Alcohol http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24729484/ http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/calMAX/Connection/2003/Spring.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_fuel http://www.indycar.com/tech/images/ethanol.jpg http://blogs.e-rockford.com/applesauce/files/2008/04/ethanol.jpg

Renewable Fuels – Biofuel IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-5 Renewable Fuels – Biofuel Biofuel Types Biodiesel Diesel engine was invented to run on peanut oil Most common biofuel in Europe Packs as much energy as its fossil fuel counterpart Can be used in existing diesel engines with little modification Made from vegetable oils – soybean, canola, hemp Made from animal fats Made from algae "The use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem insignificant today. But such oils may become in the course of time as important as the petroleum and coal tar products of the present time“ Rudolf Diesel, 1912 http://www.cyberlipid.org/glycer/biodiesel.htm http://www.habmigern2003.info/biogas/biofuels.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel#cite_note-6

Renewable Fuels – Biofuel IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-5 Biofuel Types - Biodiesel http://www.inhabitat.com/wp-content/uploads/algae6.jpg

Renewable Fuels – Biofuel IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-5 Renewable Fuels – Biofuel Biofuel Types Biogas Produced by anaerobic digestion of organic material Anaerobic digestion – microorganisms break down biodegradables in absence of oxygen Organic material – a once-living organism, capable of decay, or the product of decay Landfills (70% of landfill) and other biodegradable wastes Manure and other sources currently released into atmosphere Biogas contains methane http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel#cite_note-6

Renewable Fuels – Biofuel IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-5 Renewable Fuels – Biofuel Solid Biofuels – Biomass Wood, sawdust, grass cuttings, domestic refuse, charcoal, agricultural waste, non-food energy crops, and dried manure When already in usable form (firewood), can be burned directly for heat or produce steam (for electricity generation) When not in usable form, create pellets out of material to be burned in pellet stove http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel#cite_note-6 Wood pellet stove

Source: http://www.fas.usda.gov/cmp/biofuels/032207Chiapasrev.ppt#7 This map of ethanol refineries clearly points to a revitalization of our country’s mid-section, where state populations have declined in recent years. -Examples of rural development assistance from biofuels: -The ethanol industry in the State of Iowa helped push the state to one of the fastest growing in the United States. The industry contributed over $16 million in tax revenue to the state and created over 5,000 new jobs. -In Plainview, Nebraska, a small farming town of 1,353 people, the residents invested millions of dollars to build a 25 million gallon ethanol facility which brought 33 direct jobs and 73 indirect jobs. The average salary paid to the employees of the plant significantly exceeds the county average. The ethanol facility paid $128,772 in property taxes in a recent year providing increased county revenue. -The start of ethanol production at the James Valley Ethanol plant in the spring of 2003 has boosted employment and population in the town of Groton, South Dakota. The plant produces nearly 50 million gallons per year of ethanol from locally produced corn. Groton now boasts a population of more than 1,300 residents which includes families of employees attracted to quality jobs at the new plant. - In Minnesota, my home State, …………discuss your experiences …….

U.S. Biofuel Production Source: http://www.fas.usda.gov/cmp/biofuels/032207Chiapasrev.ppt#7 Based on USDA’s current long-term projections just released last month, biofuel production is expected to increase dramatically in the next several years before leveling off. As motor vehicle blending requirements approach maximum limits. (e.g. engine manufacturers do not warranty use of ethanol above 10% which would equate to a maximum ethanol E-10 use roughly 14 billion gallons) This projection does not include proposed increases in the federal mandate or incorporate the President’s twenty in ten plan which would demand 35 billion gallons of alternative fuel by 2017. Note: 2006/07 through 2010/11 are projected based on the February 9, 2007, World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates, the March 2, 2007, Grains and Oilseeds Outlook 2007, and the February 2007 USDA Agricultural Projections to 2016.

U.S. Maintains Corn Exports as Ethanol and Corn Production Expands Source: http://www.fas.usda.gov/cmp/biofuels/032207Chiapasrev.ppt#7 The higher corn prices will drive larger corn plantings resulting in increased production. While U.S. corn exports are expected to decline marginally, the United States is still expected to remain the worlds largest corn exporter for the foreseeable future.

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-5 Classwork/Homework Draft a pamphlet that describes nonrenewable and renewable fuels, the different types of each, and any additional relevant information, such as how the fuels are processed/derived. Include sketches and descriptions. http://perotcharts.com/images/energy/energy11.png