DEVELOPMENT OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE PAVING BLOCKS WITH CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION CERAMIC TILE WASTE MAYURAN G. & NITHUSHAN K. FACULTY MENTOR : DR. G.N. PARANAVITHANA DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING SOUTH EATERN UNIVERSITY OF SRILANKA 31/08/2017

Contents Background Aim & Objectives Methodology Results Discussion Conclusion Recommendation References 31/08/2017

Background Approximately 40% of waste generated globally originates from construction and demolition of buildings; usually it is dumped in improper places. Due to urbanization, development of impervious pavement has caused changes in the hydrological aspects; risk of flooding and depletion of ground water. Development of pervious pavement with construction and demolition waste is one of the emerging technologies for environmental sustainability. 31/08/2017

Generated C&D waste in Sri Lanka Material Waste(%) Sand 25 Lime 20 Cement 14 Brick Ceramic Tiles 10 Timber Steel (Reinforcement) 7 Rubble Cement Block 6 Paint 5 Asbestos Sheets 3 Source: European Union,2011, “Asia Pro Eco Project”. 31/08/2017

3R Percentage of Generated Construction Wastes in Sri Lanka Material Recovery rate (%) Reuse rate (%) Recycling rate (%) Door frames 100.00 35.71 Window frame 17.86 Brick 75.00 - Kapok Laterite brick 96.43 Roof timber 60.71 Asbestos Roofing Sheets Zinc Alum Roofing Sheets 21.43 Calicut Roof Sheets 85.71 Ceiling panels 78.57 Rain water gutters 50.00 Rain water down pipes Toilet fittings Ceilings fans 25.00 Concrete grills 42.86 Timber staircase handrails Steel gates 64.28 Stone paving blocks 57.14 Door sashes Antiques Reinforcement bars 10.71 Rubble Floor and wall tiles 3.57 Source: European Union, 2011, “Asia Pro Eco Project”. 31/08/2017

  Aim Development of pervious concrete block with construction and demolition waste 31/08/2017

Determine the properties of ceramic tile waste as coarse aggregate.    Objectives Determine the properties of ceramic tile waste as coarse aggregate. Investigate the physical properties of pervious concrete made with replacement levels of construction and demolition ceramic tile waste as coarse aggregate. Find satisfactory level of pervious concrete mix proportion made with replacement levels of construction and demolition ceramic tile waste as coarse aggregate. 31/08/2017

Methodology Material Ordinary Portland cement Natural coarse aggregate Ceramic waste aggregates [ceramic floor and wall tiles] Super plasticizer type F admixture Both coarse aggregates were crushed and sieved to obtain 4.75–13.2 mm particles size. The Ceramic waste aggregates were prepared to saturated surface dry (SSD) condition before mixing. 31/08/2017

Mix Proportions 76 kg water was added to 1 m3 pervious concrete. Constant water to cement ratio of 0.24, cement to aggregate ratio of 0.22 and SP dosage of 1% by weight of cement were used (Y Zaetang, V Sata, A Wongsa, P Chindaprasirt, 2016). Mix Proportion of recycled ceramic aggregate with natural aggregate (Awoyera et al., 2016) Name NA (%) CWA(%) CWA 0 100 CWA 25 75 25 CWA 50 50 CWA 75 CWA 100 31/08/2017

Laboratory Tests Tested Properties Standard Particle Size Distribution BS 812-103 Specific gravity ASTM C127 Water Absorption Impact Value BS 812-112 Compressive Strength BS 1881 : Part 116 : 1983 Porosity and Density ASTM C1754 Hydraulic Conductivity Inverted Constant head method 31/08/2017

Procedure for testing the Properties of Aggregates AIV Test Sieve Analysis Test Water Absorption Test 31/08/2017

Procedure for testing the Properties of Concrete Specimen Compressive Strength Test Porosity Test Hydraulic Conductivity Test 31/08/2017

Nominal max.size of aggregate(mm) Workability 0 mm slump achieved for every mix, its acceptable limit for water cement ratio (0.24) with aggregate size range 4.75-13.2mm. Degree of Workability Nominal max.size of aggregate(mm) Slump(mm) Low 14 0 - 12 20 12 - 25 37.5 25 - 50 Medium 50 - 100 High 25 - 75 50 - 125 100 - 150 Source : SSCM 31/08/2017

Results of Properties of Coarse Aggregates NA CWA Fineness modulus 2.86 1.33 Specific gravity (SSD) 2.68 2.47 Specific gravity(apparent) 1.68 2.36 Absorption (%) 0.48 5.3 Impact Value(%) 13.02 18.19 31/08/2017

Results of Properties of Pervious Concrete 31/08/2017

Hydraulic Conductivity for Pervious Concrete and Existing Pavement Materials 31/08/2017

Discussion All the tested mechanical properties are acceptable limit for the pervious concrete. The use of ceramic tile waste resulted in significant improvement of compressive strength of pervious concrete except highest replacement level of (100%). Highest compressive strengths of 11.7N/mm2 achieved for replacement level of 75% of ceramic tile waste. The improvement was due to the good bonding between ceramic tile waste and cement paste, and the less amount of porosity and Hydraulic conductivity. The hydraulic conductivity of a porous concrete with ceramic tile waste aggregate is increasing with porosity and the compaction energy corresponds to decrease. 31/08/2017

Conclusions Pervious concrete block developed with ceramic tile waste aggregates can be used in parking areas, pedestrian walkways and tennis courts. It can not be used for heavy or medium traffic pavements due to less compressive strength of the pervious concrete block It can be seen that hydraulic conductivity of the pervious concrete block is higher than the natural materials available in the environment except gravel & coarse sand. So, it is more efficient in use. 31/08/2017

Recommendation Even though we got the maximum of 11.7 MPa compressive strength for the pervious block, it has to be further improved to achieve desired compressive strength of a paving block, normally 30 to 50Mpa Recommend to increase the cement to aggregate ratio more than 0.22 We recommend to change the water cement ratio or the partial replacement of ceramic tile waste to achieve more compressive strength for the pervious concrete block And also flexural strength test has to be conducted for the pervious concrete block 31/08/2017

References Awoyera, O., Julius,M., Joseph, O. and David, O. (2016) ‘Characterization of ceramic waste aggregate concrete’, HBRC Journal Golden, J.S., Kaloush, K.E., Mesoscale and microscale evaluation of surface impacts on the urban heat island effects, Int. J. Pavement Eng. 7 (1) (2006) 37–52 Maguesvari, M.U. and Narasimha, V.L. (2013) ‘Studies on characterization of Pervious concrete for pavement applications’, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 104, pp. 198–207 Teo, M.M.M. and Loosemore, M. (2001) ‘A theory of waste behaviour in the construction industry’, Construction Management and Economics, 19(7), pp. 741–751 Zaetang, Y., Sata, V., Wongsa, A. and Chindaprasirt, P. (2016) ‘Properties of pervious concrete containing recycled concrete block aggregate and recycled concrete aggregate’, Construction and Building Materials, 111, pp. 15–21 31/08/2017

Thank you 31/08/2017

Sieve Analysis Test for Natural Coarse Aggregate 31/08/2017

Sieve Analysis Tests for Ceramic Waste Aggregate 31/08/2017

Aggregate Impact Value Test 31/08/2017

Specific Gravity Ceramic tile waste aggregates were found to have a higher water absorption compared to natural aggregates due to their porosity. Therefore, Ceramic aggregates were brought to saturated surface dry condition before mixing. 31/08/2017

Compressive Strength 31/08/2017

Porosity 31/08/2017

Density 31/08/2017

Hydraulic conductivity 31/08/2017