Review For Exam 1 (September 16, 2015) BUS3500 - Abdou Illia, Fall 2015

Introduction to Information Systems

Summary Questions Distinguish between Data and Information Notes Distinguish between Data and Information 2) List/Explain main components of an information system 3) What is the difference between Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) and Decision Support Systems (DSS) in terms of their targeted users? What is the difference between Decision Support Systems (DSS) and Executive Information Systems (EIS) in terms of their target users. What is the difference between Chief Information Officer and Chief Security Officer? What is a Chief Knowledge Officer responsible for? (a) What are the major components in a DSS? (b) What is the function of each? What is an Expert System? What are the main components of an Expert system? What is a knowledge engineer?

Data versus Information Data – raw facts that represent the characteristics of an event Example 1: Event: High temperature Data: 100° F Example 2: Event: Sale Data: Sale’s date, item number, item description, etc. Information – facts within a given context The temperature today at noon in Times Square, NYC was 100° F Monday’s total sales for item #0001 is $1200.00 I P O

Information Systems A set of interrelated information technologies that work together to collect, store, process, and distribute information Major components of information systems Hardware (physical parts of a computer or other computing devices) Software (Instructions that tell hardware what to do) Databases (Software that enables storage/retrieval of data) Networks (Computing devices that communicate with each other) People Information technology (IT): Computer-based tool that people use to work with information and support the information and information-processing needs of an organization Information Technologies

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN IT Information Technology is a relatively new functional area, having only been around formally for around 40 years Recent IT strategic positions include: Chief Information Officer (CIO) Chief Technology Officer (CTO) Chief Security Officer (CSO) Chief Privacy Officer (CPO) Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO)

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN IT Chief Information Officer (CIO) Oversees all uses of IT Ensures the strategic alignment of IT with business goals and objectives Chief Security Officer (CSO) Responsible for ensuring the security of IT systems Responsible for developing security policies and strategies Responsible for controlling implementation of security policies and strategies Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO) Responsible for collecting, maintaining, and distributing the organization’s knowledge Responsible for supervising the implementation of knowledge systems

Administrative Information Systems Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) Basic business system that serves the operational level (analysts) in an organization Office Automation Systems (OAS) Systems designed to help office workers in doing their job. Decision Support Systems (DSS) Systems designed to support middle managers and business professionals during the decision-making process Executive Information Systems (EIS) Specialized DSS that help senior level executives make decisions.

DSS structure Designed to help middle managers make decisions Major components Data management subsystem Internal and external data sources Model management subsystem Typically mathematical in nature User interface How the people interact with the DSS Data visualization is the key Text Graphs Charts User Interface Model Management - Sensitivity Analysis -> What-if Analysis -> Goal-seeking Analysis Data Management - Transactional Data - Data warehouse - Business partners data - Economic data

DSS’ Model Management Tools Simulation is used to examine proposed solutions and their impact Sensitivity analysis Determine how changes in one part of the model influence other parts of the model What-if analysis Manipulate variables to see what would happen in given scenarios Goal-seeking analysis Work backward from desired outcome Determine monthly payment given various interest rates. Works backward from a given monthly payment to determine various loans that would give that payment.

Expert Systems Components Knowledge base: database of the expertise, often in IF THEN rules. Inference engine: derives recommendations from knowledge base and problem-specific data User interface: controls the dialog between the user and the system Explanation system: Explain the how and why of recommendations User IF family is albatross AND color is white THEN bird is laysan albatross. IF family is albatross AND color is dark THEN bird is black footed albatross Example of rules Domain Expert User Interface Expertise System Engineer Inference Engine Knowledge Engineer Encoded expertise Knowledge base Explanation System - Knowledge engineer codify the human expert’s expertise into the systems’ knowledge base. - System engineer is the IT professional who develop the user interface, the inference engine, and the explanation system.

Hardware Technology

Summary Questions Name five (3) computer input devices Notes Name five (3) computer input devices 2) Name three (3) computer output devices 3) What computer devices can be used for both input and output? What is the difference between: (a) a Kilobyte and a Gigabyte? (b) a Megabyte and a Gigabyte? (a) Name main components of the Processing subsystem. (b) What is the function of the ALU? ICU? Explain the difference between RAM and ROM. Describe the various types of computers. Distinguish between primary and secondary storage

Processing subsystem Motherboard: chipset that all components connect to Two major components in processing subsys. CPU (Central Processing Unit) or Processor(s) Primary Storage: Random Access Memory (RAM) Read Only Memory (ROM) CPU Busses that transfer data Primary Storage

Central Processing Unit Processor Clock Instruction Control Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit Registers Clock: generate time that synchronize other components ICU: Fetches instructions from RAM ALU: Execute instructions (arithmetic & logic operations) Registers: Store control information, data, intermediate results

Primary Storage Computer’s memory stored on semiconductor chips Two categories: RAM (Random Access Memory) which is volatile Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM) Double Data Rate SDRAM or DDR SDRAM ROM (Read-Only Memory) which is non-volatile Capacity in Megabytes (MB) or Gigabytes (GB) Primary Storage RAM RAM holds running programs and the data they use ROM contains critical programs such as those that boot the computer Program Data ROM

Front Side Bus and Northbridge CPU Front Side Bus RAM Northbridge (Memory Controller) AGP Video Card PCI bus Southbridge (Memory Controller) Real Time Clock USB Other devices FSB: bi-directional data bus carrying data b/w CPU and Northbridge FSB speed is measured in Hz; e.g. 800 MHz FSB

Terminology Dot pitch Pixel Screen resolution

Make sure you can answer Hardware Review Questions answered in class Make sure you can answer Hardware Review Questions answered in class. They are posted to the Review section of the course website.

Software

Summary Questions What are the two main types of software? 2) What are the three types of systems software? 3) What are the main functions of an operating system? (a) Name some Operating Systems. (b) Name some Application software programs. What does Multiprogramming mean? Virtual memory? What are utility programs used for? In addition, make sure you can answer Software Review Questions answered in class. They are posted to the Review section of the course website.

Relationship of software to hardware

Main Types of Software Application software Programs that allow users to accomplish specific tasks Examples Word processing Web browser Tax preparation Data management Desktop publishing E-mail Groupware Presentation graphics Programming editors Spreadsheet

Operating Systems (OS) Software platform on which other programs run Provides a connection between application programs and the computer hardware Major tasks Starting the computer Managing files Keeping track of where files are located Maintaining a table of file entries Etc. Managing Programs and Memory (RAM) Sending programs to the CPU Allocating primary storage (RAM) to programs Controlling devices that programs requires Ensuring security Providing a user interface

OS: Multiprogramming

OS: Virtual Memory A technique that “extends” primary memory (RAM) by using secondary storage devices Needed when there is not enough RAM to hold programs

Utility Software Accomplish common tasks and maintenance jobs Disk Defragmentation, Disk Optimization Virus protection Edit the Windows registry Remove Web cookies from HDD Encrypt data File and data recovery Spyware Program Uninstaller

Database Systems

Summary Questions Notes What is a table, a field, a record, a primary key, a composite key? 2) What are the problems with traditional file systems? 3) What are the major components of a DBMS? (a) Name some Desktop DBMSs. (b) Name some Enterprise DBMSs. What are the differences between Flat File and Relational database models? What are the steps for Database development? Types of attributes and relationships handled by the relational database system. In addition, make sure you can answer Database Review Questions answered in class. They are posted to the Review section of the course website.

Basic Concepts of Data Management Accounts table AccountID Customer Type Balance 660001 John Smith Checking $120.00 660002 Linda Martin Saving $9450.00 660003 Paul Graham $3400.00 Each table has: Fields Records 1 Primary key Table Two-dimensional structure composed of rows and columns Field Like a column in a spreadsheet Field name Like a column name in a spreadsheet Examples: AccountID, Customer, Type, Balance Field values Actual data for the field Record Set of fields that describe an entity (a person, an account, etc.) Primary key A field, or group of fields, that uniquely identifies a record

Basic Concepts in Data Management A Primary key could be a single field like in this table A Primary key could be a composite key, i.e. multiple fields

Entity An entity, sometimes called a table, could be a person a place a thing a transaction an event

Attributes Also called fields or columns, Attributes are characteristics of an entity. An entity identifier is the attribute that ensures that each instance of the entity is unique

Types of attributes There are several types of attributes, including: Simple versus composite. Single-valued versus multi-valued. Stored versus derived. Null-valued. When creating a relational database, the attributes in the data model must be single-valued. Example: a customer with more than one phone number

Relationships The relationships stored in a database are between instances of entities. One-to-One (1:1) An instance of entity A can be related to only one instance of entity B One-to-Many (1:M) An instance of entity B can be related to many instances of entity A

Relationships (cont) The relational model cannot handle Many-to-Many (M:M) relationships directly It is limited to 1:1 and 1:M relationships M:M relationships need to be replaced with a collection 1:M relationships