Making Hydrogen with Nuclear Energy for Liquid Fuels Charles Bolthrunis Process Consultant Shaw Energy & Chemicals NHA Annual Hydrogen Conference Sacramento, CA April 2, 2008

Roadmap Hydrocarbon processing needs Pieces to the puzzle Heat source Water splitting process Coal and gas to liquids process The driver: comparison of fuels Integration strategies The liquid fuels market and the price of crude Study cases, results and sensitivities

Getting to the Hydrogen Economy The Perfect is the enemy of the Good Hydrocarbon fuels will be with us for a long time to come Needs: Reduce CO2 Conserve hydrocarbon resources Add carbon-free energy to fuel production by means of Hydrogen

The Nuclear Answer Hydrocarbon processing needs: Hydrogen Energy Centralized supply Carbon dioxide reduction Best answered by a high-temperature nuclear heat source

Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR)

Important PBMR Features Inherent safety allows siting close to process facilities High temperature good for reforming applications Non-reactive helium heat transfer medium can be used in process equipment Small size (500MWth) is appropriate for many applications

Hybrid Sulfur Cycle

Coal and Gas-to-Liquids Chemistry CH (coal) + H2O  1½ H2 + CO (Steam Gasification) CO + H2O  H2 + CO2 (Water Gas Shift) CH4 + H2O  CO + 3H2 (Steam Methane Reforming)

Coal and Gas-to-Liquids Flowsheet

Comparison of Fuels

Nuclear Coal- and Gas-to-Liquids

Nuclear Coal- and Gas-to-Liquids Savings

Gasoline Pump Price Contributors

Crude Oil and Gasoline Price Relationship

Gasoline from Coal (H2 from Coal) Syngas Water Gas Shift Acid Gas Removal Coal H2 Gasifiers Syngas Fischer Tropsch Coal Gasoline O2

Gasoline from Coal and Natural Gas (H2 from Natural Gas) Syngas Acid Gas Removal Natural Gas SMR Syngas Syngas Fischer Tropsch Coal Gasifiers Gasoline O2

Gasoline from Coal and Nuclear SMR (H2 from NG) Natural Gas Syngas SMR Nuclear Syngas Fischer Tropsch Coal Gasifiers Gasoline O2 O2

Gasoline from Coal and Nuclear Water Splitting (H2 from Nuclear) Syngas Fischer Tropsch Coal Gasifiers Gasoline

Study Parameters Crude price: $100 per barrel Carbon penalty: $50 per ton CO2 Cost of hydrogen : $5 per kg Cost of nuclear heat: $7 per million BTU

Comparison of Gasoline Pump Price Contributions

CTL Processing Margin

NG+CTL Processing Margin

Nuclear CTL Processing Margin

Take-aways Nuclear energy can reduce the carbon foot print of hydrocarbon fuels in the not too distant future Current crude prices leave a large margin for the economic development of synthetic fuels including incorporating nuclear energy Nuclear hydrogen looks competitive for synfuels applications at about $4.50/kg

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