preoperative evaluation

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Presentation transcript:

preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency.

smoking and alcoholic use, review of system, psychological support 1.Review of patient data Interview history History of underlying disease, medication, functional capacitance, previous anesthetic history, family history, smoking and alcoholic use, review of system, psychological support Airway evaluation

2. Physical examination Vital signs General appearance HEENT Respiratory system CVS system Abdomen Extremities and spine Neurologic system

Airway evaluation History of difficult intubation Head and neck examination for airway evaluation Face Oral cavity : mouth opening mandibular space tongue teeth Mallampati classification

Airway evaluation Mentothyroid distance : normal 6 cm. Neck movement: flexion and extension of neck Nasal cavity

Thyromental distance

Difficult intubation Mouth opening less than 3 cm. Limitation of neck movement Micrognatia Macroglossia Protusion of teeth Short neck Morbid obesity

Preoperative Risk Assessment ASA 1Healthy patient without organic, biochemical, or psychiatric disease ASA 2A patient with mild systemic disease, e.g., mild asthma or well-controlled hypertension. No significant impact on daily activity. Unlikely to have an impact on anesthesia and surgery ASA 3Significant or severe systemic disease that limits normal activity, e.g., renal failure on dialysis or class 2 congestive heart failure. Significant impact on daily activity. Probable impact on anesthesia and surgery ASA 4Severe disease that is a constant threat to life or requires intensive therapy, e.g., acute myocardial infarction, respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Serious limitation of daily activity. Major impact on anesthesia and surgery ASA 5Moribund patient who is equally likely to die in the next 24 hours with or without surgery ASA 6Brain-dead organ donor

Steps to Preoperative Evaluation Surgical Risk Factors Patient Risk Factors Preoperative Testing Perioperative Management

Risk: Type of Procedure ACC/AHA Guidelines High risk (reported risk of adverse cardiac event >5%) Emergency surgery Aortic procedures Peripheral vascular surgery Prolonged surgical procedures associated with large volume shifts or high EBL

Risk: Duration of Anesthesia Reilly, et al. (1999) Arch Int Med 159:2185 Percent Complications Duration (hours)

Risk: Type of Procedure ACC/AHA Guidelines Intermediate Risk (reported cardiac risk < 5%) Carotid endarterectomy Head and neck surgery Intraperitoneal and Intrathoracic Orthopedic surgery Prostate surgery

Risk: Type of Procedure ACC/AHA Guidelines Low risk (reported cardiac risk < 1%) Endoscopic procedures Superficial procedures Cataract surgery Breast surgery

Steps to Preoperative Evaluation Surgical Risk Factors Patient Risk Factors Preoperative Testing Perioperative Management

Patient Factors: Exercise Tolerance

1 MET: the oxygen consumption (VO2) of a 70 kg, 40 y. o. man at rest…3 1 MET: the oxygen consumption (VO2) of a 70 kg, 40 y.o. man at rest…3.5 cc/kg/min Duke Activity Status Index < 4 METS: > 4 METS: Baking Ice skating Slow dancing Moderate cycling Golfing with a cart Walking 4 mph Playing a musical instrument Heavy housework Walking 2 – 3 mph Skiing

Risk: Patient Factors Major Clinical Predictors ACC/AHA Guidelines Unstable coronary syndromes Decompensated CHF Significant arrhythmias Severe valvular disease

Risk: Patient Factors Intermediate Clinical Predictors ACC/AHA Guidelines Mild angina pectoris Prior MI Compensated or prior CHF Diabetes mellitus Renal insufficiency

Risk: Patient Factors Minor Clinical Predictors ACC/AHA Guidelines Advanced age Abnormal ECG Rhythm other than NSR Low functional capacity History of CVA Uncontrolled HTN

Steps to Preoperative Evaluation Surgical Risk Factors Patient Risk Factors Preoperative Testing: Who How Perioperative Management

Cardiac Testing: Resting ECG Class I (definite indication) Recent ischemic symptoms Major / intermediate clinical predictors and high or intermediate risk procedure Class II (probably warranted) Asymptomatic diabetics History of cardiac revascularization Asymptomatic man > 40 yo or woman > 50 yo Prior hospitalization for cardiac causes Class III (not indicated) Asymptomatic patient; low risk procedure

EKG Low likelihood of changing management Recent MI important to detect Cardiac event risk increased by: Non-sinus rhythm PACs >5 PVCs No risk increase with BBB

Steps to Preoperative Evaluation Surgical Risk Factors Patient Risk Factors Preoperative Testing: Who How Perioperative Management

Perioperative Management of Selected Drugs: Preoperative Long NPO period Beta-blockers Continue including day of surgery (DOS) Substitute IV form Clonidine Continue including Substitute transdermal form Calcium channel blockers Continue including DOS Substitute IV form for arrhythmia. ACEI Hold on DOS Substitute Hydralazine / NTP Diuretics Use IV diuretic prn Oral contraceptives Hold 4-6 weeks preop for surgery with high risk of thrombosis.

Labs FBS Not recommended for surgical screening LFT – only if history/exam suggest disease PT/PTT – low correlation of abnl to postop comp.

CXR Abnormalities not well Routine use not recomassociated with post-operative risk 0.1% affected management mended 2 exceptions (by consensus) >60y Suspected cardiac or pulmonary disease

Pulmonay Function Test No improvement over clinical eval Decreased breath sounds Prolonged expiratory phase Rales, rhonchi, wheezes PFTs for unexplained dyspnea after good clinical eval

Laboratory data Age M F <40 40-50 50-64 65-74 >74 Hb / Hct ECG BUN/Glucose >74 ECG/CXR

Hypertension Hypertension, defined as two or more BP readings greater than 140/90 mm Hg It is generally recommended that elective surgery be delayed for severe hypertension (diastolic BP >115 mm Hg, systolic BP >200 mm Hg) until BP is less than 180/110 mm Hg

مراحل بيهوشي: القا. نگهداري. خروج روش بیهوشی مراحل بيهوشي: القا. نگهداري. خروج برای بررسی قبل از عمل باید موارد زیر را بدانیم: 1- وضعیت فیزیکی. 2- مشکلات قبلی. 3- داروهای استفاده شده و نشده و این که الان چه داروهایی میتونه استفاده کنه.4- واکنش احتمالیش به دارو چیه. مزیت بررسی قبل از عمل: 1- کاهش عوارض بعد از عمل. 2- جلوگیری از تاخیر افتادن و لغو شدن عمل. 3- افزایش کیفیت کار در عمل(مهمترین فایده!).

شرح حال شامل: شکایت اصلی بیمار(مثلا به خاطر آپاندیسیت آمده درست نیست، باید بگوییم برای درد شکم آمده)، مشکل به چه شکل است(دل درد کجاست، چه جوریه، زمانش کی بوده، با چه چیزهایی مثل تهوع و استفراغ و یبوست همراه است)، قبلا چه بیماریهایی داشته، آیا تا به حال بیهوش شدی (مهمترین سوال!) – (خاطره ی پنی سیلین!)، آیا بعد از عمل مشکلی داشتی(مثلا بعد از عمل زرد شدی = به خاطر مشکل کبدی در اثر استفاده ی هالوتان)، آیا در ریکاوری مرتب استفراغ میکردی، آیا دیر به هوش اومدی، سفارشی بهت نکردن که مثلا داروی بیهوشی خاصی را استفاده نکنی، آیا لوله گذاری برای تو سخت بود، چه موادی مصرف میکنی(الکل، مخدر)، چیزی خوردی یا نه (خاطره ی گیلاس!)، بیماریهای قبلی. Review System: بررسی قلبی گوارشی. تنگی نفس با بالا و پایین رفتن از پله ها، گذاشتن چند تا بالش زیر سر موقع خواب = ناراحتی قلبی بررسی راه هوایی: اول معاینه ی 4 تا علائم حیاتی سپس سیستم تنفسی و قلبی و اعصاب مهمترند. بررسی Airway، صورت تغییر شکل یافته (دفورمه)، فک کوچک، زبان بزرگ، دهان به خوبی باز نمیشود، وضعیت زبان.

تقسيم بندي مالامپتي: مالمپاتی 1: اگر زبان كوچك و چينهاي لوزه و ته زبان كاملا ديده شود. مالمپاتی 2: اگرقسمتي از چين هاي لوزه و زبان كوچك ديده نشود. مالمپاتی 3: اگر فقط قاعده ي زبان كوچك را ببينيم. مالمپاتی 4: اگر چيزي ديده نشود. - هرچه به سمت کلاس 4 برويم احتمال Difficult Airway بيشتر است.

تقسيم بندي كُرمَك: grad1 : اگر اپيگلوت و تارهاي صوتي و گلوت كاملا ديده شود. grad2 : اگر قسمتي از گلوت و تارهاي صوتي و اپيگلوت ديده نشود. grad3 : اگر فقط قسمتي از اپيگلوت ديده شود. grad4 : اگر اپيگلوت هم ديده نشود.

- معمولا کلاسهای مالمپاتی با grad هاي همنام همپوشاني دارند - معمولا کلاسهای مالمپاتی با grad هاي همنام همپوشاني دارند. - در بررسی راه هوایی موارد زیر را بررسی می کنیم تا برای اتفاقات احتمالی آماده باشیم: 1- گردن راحت خم و راست شود. 2- فاصله ی غضروف تیروئید تا چانه 6cm یا 3 انگشت باشد. 3- باید دهان 3cm باز شود. 4- چانه کوچک اسـت یا بـزرگ؟ 5- دندانـها بیرون زده اسـت؟ 6- گردن کوتـاه است؟ 7- چاقی بیمار گونه دارد؟

تقسیم بندی کلاسهای ASA: E: برای حالت های اورژانسی است. (مثلا E4)

: انفاركتوس قبلي. CHF جبران نشده.ديابت.نارسايي كليه - در بررسی بیمار رسیک فاکتورهایی را بررسی میکنیم: 1- ریسک فاکتورهای بیمار. 2- ریسک فاکتورهای عمل. (احتمال خونریزی و ناحیه ی انجام عمل) همچنین تست هایی که قبلا انجام شده و اقدامات لازم قبل از عمل برای آماده سازی بیمار انجام شده را بررسی میکنیم. - اینکه بیمار توانایی فعالیت فیزیکی را دارد یا نه، در Out Come بیمار بسیار مؤثر است. فردی که با فعالیت دچار تنگی نفس میشود، از نظر بیهوشی فرد خطرناکی است. یعنی: 1- مشکل تنفسی و 2- مشکل قلبی دارد. - نمونه هايي از ريسك فاکتورهاي خيلي خطرناك بيهوشي: آنژين ناپايدار. نارسايي جبران نشده. آريتمي بارز. بيماري دريچه اي شديد. آنژین صدری پایدار یا خفیف، MI قبلی، CHF جبران شده، دیابت یا نارسایی کلیه که خطرشان از قبلی ها کمتر است. خطر کمتر: سن بالا، تغییرات ECG، ریتم های غیر سینوسی در نوار قلب، ظرفیت پایینتر، CVA قبلی، فشار خون کنترل نشده. : انفاركتوس قبلي. CHF جبران نشده.ديابت.نارسايي كليه - دارو هاي قلبي، صبح روز عمل حتما بايد مصرف شوند به جز كاپتوپريل و آنالاپريل و ديورتيك ها.

تست هاي آزمايشگاهي روتين:cbc و بعد از آن بر اساس سن و شرايط بيمار است تست هاي آزمايشگاهي روتين:cbc و بعد از آن بر اساس سن و شرايط بيمار است. اگر لازم باشد تست قند و تست های کبدی و ptt. اگر فردي بالاي 60 سال سن داشت تست قلبي ريوي از او ميگيريم. اگر فرد دچار مشكلات ريوي باشد و به ویژه در عملهایی که ممکنه بستری طولانی مدت داشته باشه یا با عملکرد ریه در تداخل باشد (مثلا در قسمت بالایی شکم بند) تست اسپيرومتر ميگيريم.

نویسنده فرزانه مزیدی.