Respiratory System Objectives: Describe the structure of the respiratory system. 10.01 Analyze the function of the respiratory system. 10.02 Identify characteristics and treatment of common respiratory disorders. 10.03

Respiratory System Includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli, lungs, and pleura.

Nasal Cavity Nasal Septum=divides nasal cavities into R and L sides Cilia- the hairs in your nose, trap larger dirt particles.

Sinuses- cavities in the skull Connected to the nasal cavity, by ducts Lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten air Sinuses give resonance to the voice.

Pharynx Pharynx The throat Common passageway for air and food 5” long When food is swallowed, the Epiglottis closes over the opening to the larynx preventing food from entering the lungs Pharynx

Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

Meet the Larynx Larynx- voice box Triangular chamber below the pharynx Within the larynx are vocal cords Epiglottis covers larynx during swallowing Adam’s apple Produces sound Made of cartilage fibrous plates

Meet the Trachea Windpipe. 4 ½ in. long. Walls are alternate bands of membrane and C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage to keep trachea open and more rigid Lined with ciliated mucous membrane. Coughing and expectoration gets rid of dust-laden mucous.

Did Someone say Bronchi and Bronchioles are next? Lower end of trachea divides into R and L bronchus Become bronchial tubes and bronchioles as braonches enter lungs Passageway for air from trachea to alveoli in lungs

Alveoli Clusters of thin-walled sacs made of single layer epithelial tissue Inner surfaces covered with Surfactant to keep alveoli from collapsing Each alveolus surrounded by capillaries O2 and CO2 exchange takes place between the alveoli and capillaries (diffusion)

Lovely Lungs Fill the thoracic cavity Upper part=apex Lower part=base Lung tissue porous and spongy –it floats R lung=larger and shorter displaced by the liver and has 3 lobes L lung smaller displaced by the heart and has 2 lobes

Pretty Pleura Thin, moist slippery membrane that covers the lungs. Double walled sac. Space is pleural cavity filled with pleural fluid to prevent friction.

Mediastinum A septum or cavity between two principal portions of an organ. Contains the heart and its large vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus, lymph nodes, and connective tissue Also called the interpleural space Located between the lungs Contains the thoracic viscera

Test your gray matter….. Alveoli Larynx Pleura Speech Trachea What structure of the respiratory system is responsible for voice production? Which body function is made possible by fibrous plates contained within the cartilage of the larynx? The respiratory system ends in millions of tiny, thin walled sacs called: What covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the rib cage? The windpipe is referred to as the: The wall of the trachea are made more rigid by the presence of: Each lung is divided into two or three parts called: When the trachea divides to enter both lungs, the tubes that are formed are called: Alveoli Larynx Pleura Speech Trachea Rings of Cartilage Lobes Bronchi

The medical name for the throat is the: The partition that separated the nose into right and left cavities is the: The medical name for the throat is the: Pharynx Septum

That’s all for now….

Function of the Respiratory System External respiration, internal respiration , and cellular respiration Production of sound (vocal cords)

external respiration: exchange of gases between the lungs. and blood internal respiration: exchange of gases between the body cells and blood

Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing) Inspiration Inhalation Intercostal muscles lift ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward this increases the volume of the lungs and air rushes in.

Pulmonary Ventilation Expiration Opposite action takes place. Exhalation is a passive process

Respiratory Movements 1 inspiration + 1 expiration=1 respiration Normal adult = 14-20 Respirations per minute Increases with exercise, body temperature, certain diseases. Age-newborm= 40-60/min Sleep= respiration  Emotion can  or  rate

Total Lung Capacity Tidal Volume: that volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during quiet breathing Inspiratory Reserve Volume: The maximal volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal inspiration. Expiratory Reserve Volume: The maximal volume of air, usually about 1000 milliliters, that can be expelled from the lungs after normal expiration

Vital lung capacity: the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation. Residual lung capacity: The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiratory effort. Functional residual capacity: the volume of air present in the lungs, specifically the parenchyma tissues, at the end of passive expiration

Coughing Deep breath followed by forceful expulsion of air – to clear lower respiratory tract Hiccups – spasm of the diaphragm and spasmotic closure of the glottis- irritation to diaphragm or phrenic nerve.

Sneezing Air forced through nose to clear respiratory tract Yawning Deep prolonged breath that fills the lungs, increases oxygen within the blood

Control Breathing Breathing controlled by neural and chemical factors. Neural Factors Respiratory center located in the Medulla Oblongata  on CO2 or  O2 in the blood will trigger respiratory center Phrenic Nerve- stimulates the diaphragm Chemical Factors Depends on the levels of CO2 in the blood (respiratory center in the brain) Chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood O2

Test your gray matter CO2 level in blood Filtering in the air Respirations would normally increase in number if there was an increase of: Which of the following is initially sensed by the brain to control breathing? Cilia located in the nasal epithelium performs the function of: The normal number of breaths an adult takes each minute at rest is about: Of the following, which is the correct pathway of air into the lungs? Start with larynx Which body function is made possible by fibrous plates contained within the cartilage of the larynx? The part of respiration that involves taking air into lungs is called: Carbon dioxide in the blood CO2 level in blood Filtering in the air 14-20 Trachea, bronchi, alveoli Inspiration Speech

Respiratory Disorders

Common Cold Contagious viral respiratory infection Contributing factors- chilling fatigue,poor nutrition, and not enough sleep Rx- stay in bed, drink warm liquids and fruit juice, good nutrition Good handwashing best prevention. Also called an Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)

Pharyngitis- red, inflammation throat Laryngitis- Inflammation of the larynx or voice box Symptoms- sore throat , hoarseness or loss of voice dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)

Influenza (Flu) Viral infection of upper respiratory tract Symptoms-Fever, muco-purulent discharge, muscular pain, extreme exhaustion Rx – treat the symptoms

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD, or chronic obstructive pulmonary (PULL-mun-ary) disease, is a progressive disease that makes it hard to breathe. "Progressive" means the disease gets worse over time. COPD can cause coughing that produces large amounts of mucus (a slimy substance), wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and other symptoms. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of COPD. Most people who have COPD smoke or used to smoke. Long-term exposure to other lung irritants—such as air pollution, chemical fumes, or dust—also may contribute to COPD.

In the United States, the term "COPD" includes two main conditions— emphysema (em-fih-SE-ma) and chronic bronchitis (bron-KI-tis).

Emphysema Alveoli become over-dilated, lose their elasticity, can’t rebound, may eventually rupture Air becomes trapped, can’t exhale-forced exhalation required Reduced exchange of O2 and CO2 Dyspnea increases as disease progresses Emphysema RX – Alleviate the symptoms, decrease exposure to respiratory irritants, prevent infections, restructure activities to prevent need for O2

Bronchitis Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi Symptoms-cough, fever, substernal pain and rales (raspy sound) Chronic bronchitis-middle or old age, cigarette smoking most common cause.

Asthma Inflammatory airway obstruction Caused by allergen or psychological stress 5% of Americans have asthma Symptoms: difficulty exhaling, dyspnea, wheezing, tightness in chest RX anti-inflammatory drugs, inhaled bronchodilator.

Pneumonia Infection of the lung Caused by bacteria or virus Alveoli fill with thick fluid Symptoms- chest pain, fever, chills dyspnea Diagnosis- x-ray and listening to lungs Rx- O2 and antibiotics

Tuberculosis Infectious bacterial lung disease Tubercles (lesions) forms in the lungs Symptoms: cough, low grade fever in the afternoon, weigh loss, night sweats Diagnosis- TB skin test If skin test positive-follow up with chest x-ray and sputum sample RX- Antibiotic

Tuberculosis Due to the increase in immigration, homelessness and AIDS, the incidence of TB is increasing in the United States. TB

Pneumothorax A collapsed lung, or pneumothorax, is the collection of air in the space around the lungs. This buildup of air puts pressure on the lung, so it cannot expand as much as it normally does when you take a breath. Causes, incidence, and risk factors A collapsed lung occurs when air escapes from the lung and fills up the space outside of the lung, inside the chest. It may be caused by a gunshot or knife wound to the chest, rib fracture, or certain medical procedures. In some cases, a collapsed lung occurs without any cause. This is called a spontaneous pneumothorax. A small area in the lung that is filled with air (bleb) can break open, sending air into the space around the lung. Tall, thin people and smokers are more likely to have a collapsed lung.

Asthma COPD Cystic fibrosis Tuberculosis Whooping Cough The following lung diseases also increase your risk for a collapsed lung: Asthma COPD Cystic fibrosis Tuberculosis Whooping Cough

Symptoms Common symptoms of a collapsed lung include: There are decreased or no breath sounds on the affected side when heard through a stethoscope Sharp chest pain, made worse by a deep breath or a cough shortness of breath A larger pneumothorax will cause more severe symptoms, including: Bluish color of the skin caused by lack of oxygen Chest tightness Easy fatigue Rapid heart rate Other symptoms that can occur with a collapsed lung include: Nasal flaring

Tests include: chest x-ray and arterial blood gases Treatment : A small pneumothorax may go away on its own with Rest and oxygen Needle insertion or chest tube insertion may be needed to allow air to drain Lung surgery may be needed to repair leak. Prognosis -most likely to have another one if you have had 2 in the Past -continue smoking -are tall and thin

Terms to know Apnea: absence of breathing Dyspnea: difficulty breathing Tachypnea: rapid breathing Orthopnea: difficulty breathing while laying down or flat Eupnea: good breathing Hyperventilation: state of breathing faster or deeper than normal, causing excessive expulsion of circulating carbon dioxide

Test your gray matter… Due to increase in illegal immigration, homelessness, and AIDS, the incidence of what disease is increasing in the US? Kim experienced hoarseness for two days and loss of voice for three days. She most likely suffers from: Which of the following disorders is characterized by distended alveoli that have lost their elasticity? A respiratory infection which spreads quickly and results in the greatest loss in production hours each year is: Cough, low grade fever in the afternoon, weight loss, and night sweats are symptoms of what disease? In which of the following diseases does dyspnea worsen as the disease progresses? The two main causes of pneumonia are: John comes into the ER with wheezing, dyspnea, and tightness in the chest. He is experiencing: Laryngitis Emphysema Common cold TB Bacteria + Virus TB Emphysema Asthma

The most common cause of chronic bronchitis is: Influenza is caused by a : Virus Cigarette Smoking