PRESENTATION COVERS Past/Present Power Scenario Issues involved Economic aspects Operational (Technical) aspects Network development in Southern Region

REFERENCES Quality Supply Customer requirements CGIRE working group 37.28 (June 2001) Methods and Tools for costing Ancillary Services CGIRE Task force 38.05.07 (June2001) FERC Rule 888 and 889 Open Access transmission tariff sierra pacific(Sierra pacific Web Site) Distribution Policy Committee report MOP March 2002 National transmission Grid study US dept of energy may 2002 Reliability management and over sight Brendan kibru, Erichisst oak ridge NATION LAB, TENNESEE Sixteenth Electric Power Supply of India Various orders of CERC

MISSION OF POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERS To provide Reliable, Stable and Secured Power supply to the end user with Least possible cost

........ELECTRICITY IS A COMMODITY UNLIKE OTHERS ECONOMIC ISSUES THE UNIQUE NATURE OF ELECTRICITY: PRODUCED AND CONSUMED SIMULTANEOUSLY UNECONOMICAL TO STORE ……..AS YET FLOW DEPENDS ON PHYSICS NOT ON CONTRACTS! END USER CANNOT DISTINGUISH THE SOURCE. ........ELECTRICITY IS A COMMODITY UNLIKE OTHERS

How do you buy or sell a commodity which can not be seen, counted in numbers, or measured in kg, litres or metres, which can not be put in a container with a forwarding address, on a particular truck taking a particular route, but flows as per laws of physics, which can not be stored, and whose availability and cost keep changing widely,

It is crucial to have mechanism for commercial handling of mismatches which intermingles with all other supplies in an inevitable pool, and can not have an owner’s name tag ? There is another peculiarity: the buyer has no control over what the seller supplies, and the seller has no control over what the buyer draws from the pool, and the two may not match ! It is crucial to have mechanism for commercial handling of mismatches  

........RESPONSIBILITY OF THE SERVICE PROVIDER QUALITY PERCEPTION GENERATOR RELIABE EVACUATION SYSTEM GOOD AND STEADY FREQUENCY LOW HARMONICS BETTER VOLTAGE USER PERCEPTION VARIES FROM USER TO USER DEPENDING ON THE EQUIPMENTS CONNECTED AND THE PURCHASE POWER GEN EXPECTS GOOD FREQUENCY,NO HARMONICS,MVAR CONTROL,SSR TO BE DAMPED , PREVENT DAMAGE TO EQUIOMENT . WHAT IS QUALITY ? DIFF END USER DIFF QUALITY ........RESPONSIBILITY OF THE SERVICE PROVIDER

An Analogy – Power System & Human Body RLDC::Brain Generation :: Heart USER Voltage :: BP Frequency:: Heart beat Sub-Transmission :: Sub-Arteries Transmission :: Main Arteries Distribution :: Capillaries

Pre-Restructuring – Scenario A consolidated, regulated monopoly The same utility company: Produces energy Transmits energy Distributes energy Provides ancillary services (e.g., scheduling/balancing of generation supply) Provides metering & billing services Non Economic operation No choice or options for consumers Possible talking point: ancillary services are necessary since electricity has to be used as it is produced - cannot be stored like gas. Ancillary Services Ancillary Services are those services necessary to support the transmission of capacity and energy from generating station to distribution system while maintaining reliable operation of the transmission system. They include: Scheduling, System Control, and Dispatch Service - is required to schedule the movement of power through, out of, within, or into CG&E’s Control Area and to maintain the Control Area balance of scheduled and actual interchanges. Reactive Supply and Voltage Control - is required in order to maintain transmission voltages on CG&E’s transmission system facilities within acceptable limits. Generation facilities in CG&E’s Control Area are operated to produce (or absorb) reactive power. Regulation and Frequency Response - is necessary to provide for the continuous balancing of resources (generation and interchange) with load and for maintaining scheduled interconnection frequency at 60 cycles per second (60 Hz). Energy Imbalance - is provided when a difference occurs between the scheduled and the actual delivery of energy to a load located within CG&E’s Control Area over a single hour. Spinning Reserve - is that part of operating reserve which is on-line and available to serve load immediately in the event of a system contingency, such as a loss of a generating unit or loss of a transmission path. Supplemental Reserve - Supplemental Reserve Service is that part of operating reserve needed to serve load in the event of a system contingency; but may not be available immediately to serve load, but rather within a short period of time. (Source: Certified Supplier Guidebook) ........The bottom-line – Higher cost ,poor quality supply

........STRATEGIES TO KEEP PACE WITH THE CHANGE EVOLVING CULTURE COMMAND AND CONTROL CO-OPERATIVE CONTRACTUAL ........STRATEGIES TO KEEP PACE WITH THE CHANGE

........PROMOTES COMPETITION,LOWERS COST-BENEFITS THE END USER THE STRATEGIES RESTRUCTURING UNBUNDLING DEREGULATION COMPETITION IN GENERATION INDEPENDENT POWER PRODUCERS COMPETITION IN DISTRIBUTION PRIVATE PLAYERS IN DISTRIBUTION IN DISTRBN:DELHI-BSES,SURAT,BSES&TATA IN BOMBAY NORDPOOL: SOCITIES FORMED TO INCREASE PURCHASING CLOUT RURAL ELECTRFN IS A SOCIAL OBLIGATION-TO BE ENFORCED ........PROMOTES COMPETITION,LOWERS COST-BENEFITS THE END USER

UNBUNDLING AND DE-REGULATION COMPETITION OPTIMAL UTILIZATION OF RESOURCES MORE FOCUS ON CORE ACTIVITIES LOWERED COST BETTER QUALITY/SERVICE LESS DRAIN ON THE EXCHEQUER END USER IS BENEFITTED ........OPEN ACCESS IN TRANSMISSION WOULD DRIVE CHANGE

WHAT IS OPEN ACCESS TRANSMISSION IN OPEN ACCESS TRANSMISSION SYSTEM EVERY STAKE HOLDER GENERATOR, DISTRIBUTOR , TRANSMITTER AND TRADER WILL HAVE ACCESS TO THE TRANSMISSION NETWORK MARGIN FOR TRANSMITTING THEIR POWER WITHOUT ANY RESTRICTION.

SCHEMATIC OF UNBUNDLED ACTIVITIES REGULATOR WEATHER CONDITION MAIN TRANSMISSION SYSTEM- NATURAL MONOPOLY REGIONAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM- NATURAL MONOPOLY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Quality Of Supply CONGESTION GRID CODE CONTRACTS RESPONSIBILITY OF TRANSMISSION: ATMOSPHERE CONDUCIVE TO INCREAE COMPTN, PROVIDE FOR CONSTRAINTS LIKE CONGESTION, OPERATE WITHIN FRAMEWORK OF THE GRID CODE, HONOR CONTRACTS, AND PROVIDE THE QUALITY OF THE SUPPLY ORANGE: CONSTRAINTS TO BE MET GREEN: CUSTOMERS- NEEDS HAVE TO BE MET- SUBJECTED TO CONSTRAINTS 1.QUALITY AT INJECTION MAY BE SAME BUT DIFFERENT AT RECEIVING END DUE TO TRANSMISSION 2.ANY CONTRACTS ARE ALSO SUBJECT TO EXTERNAL INFLUENCES 3.TRANSMISSION COST IS ONLY 5-10% OF TOTAL ENERGY COST- THIS SHOULD NOT BE A BOTTLE NECK FOR CONTRACT FULFILMENT GENERATOR TRADER RETAILER END - USER COMPETETION Physical flow External Influences Commercial Relation Important issues determining mutual relation

DEFINITION OF “OPEN ACCESS” IN THE ELECTRICITY ACT, 2003 “The non-discriminatory provision for the use of transmission lines or distribution system or associated facilities with such lines or system by any licensee or consumer or a person engaged in generation in accordance with the regulations specified by the Appropriate Commission”

A MORE GENERAL DEFINITION OF “OPEN ACCESS” “Enabling of non-discriminatory sale/ purchase of electric power/energy between two parties utilizing the system of an in- between (third party), and not blocking it on unreasonable grounds”

STAKE HOLDER MANY STAKE HOLDERS IN AN UNBUNDLED SCENARIO WHY OPEN ACCESS? STAKE HOLDER MANY STAKE HOLDERS IN AN UNBUNDLED SCENARIO EXPECTS THAT HIS REQUIREMENTS BE MET GENERATOR- EVACUATION THROUGH QUALITY CONNECTION TRADERS – CONTRACTS END USERS - QUALITY POWER AT LEAST COST TRANSPARENCY END USER IS NOT JUST A ‘CONSUMER’- HE IS A CUSTOMER THE END USER DOES NOT CARE WHERE HE GETS HIS POWER-AS LONG AS IT COSTS THE LEAST GEN EXPECTS GOOD FREQUENCY,NO HARMONICS,MVAR CONTROL,SSR TO BE DAMPED , PREVENT DAMAGE TO EQUIOMENT . WHAT IS QUALITY ? DIFF END USER DIFF QUALITY ........EASIER SAID THAN DONE

OPEN ACCESS- THE ISSUES - CONGESTION What is congestion Effects of congestion How it Happens Solutions

What is congestion Analogy between PowerSystem and Sand Pile System State Gradient Profile Loading Pattern Driving Force Addition of Sand Customer Demand Event Sand Topples Limit Flow/Line Trip

POSSIBLE SYSTEM PROLEMS UNIT FAILURE INSUFFICIENT GENERATION TRANSFORMER/ LINE FAILURE LOSS OF LOAD REDUCED NETWORK REDUNDANCY LINE OVERLOAD OR UNSATISFACTORY BUS VOLTAGE BUS ISOLATED ILANDING SYSTEM COLLAPSE POSSIBLE SYSTEM PROLEMS

OPEN ACCESS- THE ISSUES - CONGESTION CONGESTION- AFFECTS LESS OPERATING FLEXIBILITY CHANCES OF MORE BLACKOUTS COSTLIER UNITS MAY BE FORCED TO RUN ROOM FOR DISCRIMINATION KILLS THE COMPETITION UNEXECUTED CONTRACTS ........END USER PAYS MORE

OPEN ACCESS- THE ISSUES - CONGESTION HOW IT HAPPENS PLANNING CRITERIA FOCUS EVACUATION OF GENERATION GEO-POLITICAL BOUNDRY AS LIMITS MULTI PLAYER SCENERIO NOT ENVISAGED TRANSACTIONS ACROSS GEO-POLITICAL BOUNDRY NOT ENVISAGED UNENVISAGED LOAD GROWTH SHORT TERM – PLANT/LINE OUTAGES WIDE SEASONAL FLUCTUATION IN LOADING PATTERN STAGGERING AND ROSTERING OF LOADS ........THE GOAL

OPEN ACCESS- THE ISSUES - CONGESTION IN A MULTIPLE PLAYER MARKET, SYSTEM WILL BE STRESSED TO LIMITS AND PRESSURE ON RELIABILITY MARGINS DUE TO SKEWED GENERATION AND LOAD PATTERN CAUSED BY INCREASE IN TRADE VOLUME INCREASE IN COMPETITION MERIT ORDER OPERATION PRICE DECIDES THE RULE OF THE GAME ........THE GOAL

OPEN ACCESS- THE SOLUTION COST OF TRANSMISSION IS ABOUT 5% TO 10% OF THE DELIVERABLE ENERGY COST. SHOULD WE ALLOW SUCH A SMALL COMPONENT TO PREVENT THE END USER FROM ENJOYING THE RELIABLE AND AFFORDABLE ELECTRICITY SERVICE ? NEED OF THE SYSTEM ROBUST , RELIABLE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM TO ALLOW OPEN ACCESS TO ALL THE PLAYERS ........OPEN ACCESS - RESPONSIBILITIES OF TSP

DEMAND IS EXPECTED TO REACH 2,12,725 MW BY END OF 12TH PLAN.

Demand - Supply Scenario – by 2012 Projected Peak Demand - 157,000 MW Capacity addition envisaged – In 10th Plan - 45,000 MW In 11th Plan - 55,000 MW (Approx. 10000 MW Capacity Addition per Year) Major Resources for Capacity Addition Hydro potential in J&K, HP & NER Coal potential in Bihar, Orissa Major Load Center – Bulk power need to be transferred from ER/NER to other deficit regions

CUM. INS. CAP. ABOUT 16000 MW OF CAPACITY IS BELOW 300 Ps

INDIA N E S NER W GEO POLITICAL POWER REGIONS WB NE L B’ DESH- SRI 68 72 76 88 92 96 80 84 S W N E NE 82.5 L GEO POLITICAL POWER REGIONS B’ DESH- SRI NEPAL BHUTAN INDIA J&K HP PUNJAB HARIANA RAJASTHAN UP MP BIHAR ORISSA WB GUJARAT MAHARASHTRA KARNATAKA TAMIL NADU AP ASSAM MNP MIZ TRP NG ME LAKSHADWEEP A&N MYANMAR SKM PONDICHERY DELHI GOA DIU DAMAN NER LANKA JKND CTGR

SHARP PEAK DEEP VALLEY DEEP VALLEY

765 KV RING MAIN SYSTEM THE POWER ‘HIGHWAY’

8500 MW existing capacity 23000 MW planned by 2007 NATIONAL GRID PLAN National Grid planned for execution in phases with an investment of Rs. 70,000 Crs by 2012. 8500 MW existing capacity 23000 MW planned by 2007 30,000 MW planned by 2012

NR NER 13450MW NER 1000MW ER 4600MW WR 6450MW 1300MW 3200MW SR

Network expansion in SR

SR GRID 1985

SR GRID 1995

Recent Network Expansion in SR Commissioning of Talcher Kolar HVDC link Commissioning of 2nd 500 MW pole at Gajuwaka Commissioning of Vijayawada-Nellur-Sriperambadur Link Commissioning of N Sagar-Khamam link Commissioning of RGM-HYD-KURNOOL-Gooty Link Commissioning of FSC at Cuddapa&Gooty

Recent Network Expansion in SR Advantages Increased flexibility in operation Reduced losses Reduced Disturbance Increased loops Increased Short-circuit levels

PROJECTS IN THE PIPELINE IN SOUTHERN REGION

MYSORE-KOZHIKODE D/C LINE NEW PROJECTS ON THE ANVIL KAIGA 3 & 4 TRANSMISSION SYSTEM COST ESTIMATE : 512 CRORES LINES : 413 Kms MYSORE-KOZHIKODE D/C LINE LILO OF KOLAR-SRIPERUMBADUR AT MELAKOTTAIYUR (40KM) K E R A L NELAMANGALOA NARENDRA-DAVANGERE D/C LINE SUB-STATION : 2 Nos. New NEW 400/220KV SUBSTATION AT KOZHIKODE & MELAKOTTAIYUR 2ND 315MVA TRANSFORMER AT HIRIYUR S/S & VIJAYAWADA BAY EXTENSION AT NARENDRA, DAVANGERE (KPTCL) & HIRIYUR.

LINES : 601+ 350 = 950 Km. ESTIMATED COST = 1710 CRORES NEW PROJECTS ON THE ANVIL KUDANKULAM TRANSMISSION SYSTEM( 2000MW) LINES : 601+ 350 = 950 Km. ESTIMATED COST = 1710 CRORES KUDANKULAM-TIRUNELVELI 2 X 400 KV D/C LINES WITH QUAD (108 & 83 Km.) TIRUNELVELI-UDUMALPET D/C LINE WITH TWIN MOOSE (300Km) KARNATAKA T N KERALA LILO OF BOTH CIRCUITS OF MADURAI-TRIVANDRUM LINE AT TIRUNELVELI ( 2 X 55 Km) EDAMON-MUVATTUPUZHA D/C LINE QUAD (150Km) TIRUNELVELI-EDAMON 400KV D/C LINE (110Km). MUVATTUPUZHA-TRICHUR 400KV D/C LINE WITH QUAD CONDUCTORS (90Km)

NEW PROJECTS ON THE ANVIL KUDANKULAM TRANSMISSION SYSTEM( 2000MW) SUB-STATIONS NEW 400/220KV SUBSTATIONS AT TIRUNELVELI, MUVATTUPUZHA AUGMENTATION OF TRANSFORMATION CAPACITY BY ONE TRANSFORMER EACH AT UDUMALPET & TRIVANDRUM S/S SUPPLEMENTARY TRANSMISSION SYSTEM LILO OF ONE CIRCUIT OF 400KV MADURAI-TRICHY AT KARAIKUDI ( 60 Km) ALONG WITH SUBSTATION AT KARAIKUDI (TAMILNADU) LILO OF ONE CIRCUIT OF TALAGUPPA-NELAMANGALA 400KV LINE AT HASSAN ( 80 KM) ALONG WITH SUBSTATION AT HASSAN.(KARNATAKA)

LILO OF NEYVELI-SRIPERUMBU- LILO OF Khamam NSagar line at Warangle NEW PROJECTS ON THE ANVIL NLC-TS-II EXPANSION TRANSMISSION SYSTEM COST ESTIMATE : 721 CRORES LINES : 467 Km. 2 NOS. 400KV S/C LINES FROM NEYVELI-TS-II (EXISTING) TO NLC TS-II (EXPAN) (8 KM). KARNATAKA NEYVELI-PUGALUR D/C LINE PUGALUR-MADURAI D/C LINE T N K E R A L UDUMALPET-ARASUR D/C LINE LILO OF NEYVELI-SRIPERUMBU- DUR LINE AT PONDY. LILO OF Khamam NSagar line at Warangle - SUB-STATION NEW 400/220KV SUBSTATIONS AT PUGALUR, ARASUR & PONDICHERRY Warangle

THANKYOU For clarification you can contact me at prraghu@srldc.org

MAJOR AND MINOR DISTURBANCES SINCE 1994 SPS NO DISTURBANCES DESPITE LOSING ENTIRE SUPER GENERATING PLANTS LIKE RAMAGUNDAM,VIJAYAWADA,KOTHAGUDEM, NORTH CHENNAI, SHARAVATHY ETC

IMPACT OF LINE ON SR SYSTEM LOSS LINE NAME INCREASE IN LOSS (MW) VIJAYAWADA-SRISAILAM any one circuit 4 VIJAYAWADA-NELLORE any one circuit 10 N’SAGAR-CUDAPPA any one circuit 9 NELLUR-MADRAS any one circuit KOLAR-HOODY any one circuit 5 KHAMMAM-MAMIDIPALLI any one circuit 7 KOLAR-HOSUR any one circuit 8 NEYVELI-SALEM any one circuit 6 TRICHY-MADURAI any one circuit

FIXED SERIES CAPACITORS Reduce impedance of the line Increase the angular stability for a given power OR Increase power transfer capability for same level of angular stability

FSC ANALOGY

BANGALORE 400 KV RING MAIN(INTERIM) FROM GOOTY KOLAR NELAMANGALA HOODY 400 KV RING MAIN NEXT: FINAL SOMANAHALLI

BANGALORE 400 KV RING MAIN(FINAL) FROM GOOTY KOLAR NELAMANGALA HOODY 400 KV RING MAIN SOMANAHALLI

HIGH SPEED INTER-TRIP SCHEME AT KOLAR GOOTY HOODY SALEM TRICHUR MADURAI TRICHY SPBDR NLC II CUDDAPAH PONDICHERY SOMANHALLI KOLAR HOSUR NLC -1 EXP. KOZIKODE UDUMALPET NLC II EXP BAHOOR KURNOOL ANANTPUR KARAIKUDI THIRUVARUR INGUR SOMYAZULA PALLI TO TALCHER

KAIGA EVACUATION PROBLEM SPS BASED SOLUTION HUBLI NAGJHERI 855 MW THESE LINES ARE TRIPPED IF >600 AMPS FOR 1SEC OR > 900 AMPS FOR 300 MSEC, KODASHALLI 120 MW 400 KV LINE OPERATED AT 220 KV PROBLEM OF OVERLOADING WHEN HIGH GENERATION AT KALI COMPLEX KAIGA 440 MW GUTTUR SIRSI KADRA 150 MW

SPS AT RAICHUR N’SAGAR RAICHUR CUDDAPAH MUNIRABAD GOOTY DAVANGERE HVDC LINES FROM ER HIRIYUR SOMANAHALLY KOLAR NELAMANGALA HOODY

400 KV GHANAPUR-KURNOOL-GOOTY LINE COMMISSIONING AND ADVANTAGES

COMMISSIONING HIGHLIGHTS GHANAPUR-KURNOOL(224 KMS) TEST CHARGED FROM GHANAPUR ON 11/02/2005 AT 1140 HRS SYNCHRONISED AT KURNOOL AT 1311 HRS KURNOOL-GOOTY(84 KMS) TEST CHARGED FROM GOOTY ON 11/02/2005 AT 1330 HRS AND SYNCHRONISED AT KURNOOL AT 1520 HRS PARAMETER BEFORE AFTER GHP-KNL MW NIL 130 KNL-GTY MW 180 HYD VOLT 407 412 GTY VOLT 417

ADVANTAGES OF THE LINE VITAL BACKBONE LINK PROVIDES SUPPORT IN OUTAGE OF NORTH-SOUTH NETWORK LINES FOR EG, 400 KV NUNNA-NELLORE-MADRAS, N’SAGAR-CUDDAPAH ETC LOSSES IN THE GRID ARE REDUCED BY 6 MW IN NORMAL CONDITIONS AND BY AS MUCH AS 12 MW DURING LOAD CHANGEOVERS SC LEVELS OF KURNOOL IMPROVED FROM 2400 MVA TO 4500 MVA AFTER RGM-HYD-KNL-GTY WAS COMMISSIONED INCREASED SC LEVELS AT GTY (3484 TO 4600 MVA) ALSO IMPROVED STABILITY, LESS VOLTAGE EXCURSIONS AT THESE STATIONS CAN BE EXPECTED ALSO ANCHORS THE SRISAILAM SYSTEM WITH THE CTU GRID

400 KV D/C GAZUWAKA-NUNNA LINE COMMISSIONING AND ADVANTAGES

COMMISSIONING HIGHLIGHTS GAZUWAKA-NUNNA-II CHARGED FROM GAZUWAKA END AT 1626 ON 27/02/05 AND SYNCHRONISED AT NUNNA AT 1652 HRS GAZUWAKA-NUNNA-III CHARGED FROM GAZUWAKA END AT 2303 ON 27/02/05 AND SYNCHRONISED AT NUNNA AT 2315 HRS PARAMETER BEFORE AFTER CHARGING CKT 2 NNA-GZK-1 360 278 GZK VOLT 404 407 PARAMETER BEFORE AFTER CHARGING CKT 3 NNA-GZK-1 260 220 GZK VOLT 411 414

ADVANTAGES OF THE LINE PLANNED FOR EVACUATION OF POWER FROM POLE 2 AT GAZUWAKA ALLEVIATED THE LOADING AND LOAD ANGLE ON THE S/C 400 KV GAZUWAKA-NUNNA LINE IMPROVED THE EVACUATION OF SIMHADRI AS WELL AS GAZUWAKA IMPORT LOSSES REDUCED BY 8 MW WITH FULL GENERATION AT SIMHADRI AND 500 MW IMPORT AT GAZUWAKA IMPROVED STABILITY IN N.COASTAL AP AREA RELIEVED LOADINGS ON GAZUWAKA-KAKINADA-VTS CORRIDOR