Background for Understanding Native American Literature

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Presentation transcript:

Background for Understanding Native American Literature

Native American Population in North American 1492 – 15-20 million when Europeans arrived (Columbus “discovers” America) 1790 - First U.S. Census: U.S. population 4 million; Indians 600,000 1900 – all-time low 237,000 1990 – 1.9 million Native Americans 2000 – 4.1 million reported as American Indian, Alaskan Native, combination 538,300 living on reservations

What happened? How did the population of Native Americans drop from 15-20 million in the late 1400s to 237,000 in 1900?

Indian Genocide Disease (including cases of biological warfare, i.e. intentional infection) Armed conflict (official and unofficial) Forced removal Forced assimilation

Some traditional Native American beliefs Unity of all existence - Interconnectedness, relationship of all things – animals, land, people, language Every living thing has a spiritual character or life force Every object has cosmic relevance, even everyday objects Religious expression is a continual experience – engages individual at every stage of life

Comparison of European and Native American World Views European/Western Native American Visible world is the most real Time is linear - Forward progress Place is fixed in the material world Man controls nature Visible world is the most unreal Time is non-linear - Circular return Place is not fixed in spiritual world Nature controls man

Comparison of European and Native American Values European/Western Native American The Head Activity Innovation Complexity Individualism The Feet Stillness Tradition Simplicity Collectivism

Comparison of European and Native American Religious & Spiritual Beliefs European/Western Native American Religion distinct from everyday life Only humans have a spirit Tied with morality & ethics Ritual invokes past realities or realities to be Everyday life an expression of religion and spiritual truths All animate objects have a spirit Ritual asserts a present & eternal reality

Comparison of European and Native American Views of Art & Artists European/Western Native American Role of artist – individual expression Individual voice challenging society’s goals Innovator, inventor Constant search for new forms Role of artist – collective reaffirmation Voice sharing society’s goals Inheritor of a tradition “All Indians are artists” Continuation & refinement of traditional forms