Peter B. Smulowitz, MD, MPH, Robert Lipton, PhD, J

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Emergency Department Utilization After the Implementation of Massachusetts Health Reform  Peter B. Smulowitz, MD, MPH, Robert Lipton, PhD, J. Frank Wharam, MB, MPH, Leon Adelman, MD, Scott G. Weiner, MD, MPH, Laura Burke, MD, Christopher W. Baugh, MD, MBA, Jeremiah D. Schuur, MD, MHS, Shan W. Liu, MD, MPH, Meghan E. McGrath, MD, Bella Liu, BA, Assaad Sayah, MD, Mary C. Burke, MD, MHA, J. Hector Pope, MD, Bruce E. Landon, MD, MBA  Annals of Emergency Medicine  Volume 58, Issue 3, Pages 225-234.e1 (September 2011) DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.02.020 Copyright © 2010 American College of Emergency Physicians Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Timeline of Massachusetts health reform and study periods. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2011 58, 225-234.e1DOI: (10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.02.020) Copyright © 2010 American College of Emergency Physicians Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Billings ED classification and Ballard severity classification. Billings Algorithm used with permission of the Commonwealth Fund. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2011 58, 225-234.e1DOI: (10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.02.020) Copyright © 2010 American College of Emergency Physicians Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Overall ED visit volume. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2011 58, 225-234.e1DOI: (10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.02.020) Copyright © 2010 American College of Emergency Physicians Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Low severity ED visit volume. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2011 58, 225-234.e1DOI: (10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.02.020) Copyright © 2010 American College of Emergency Physicians Terms and Conditions