STATES OF MATTER

The Four States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma

STATES OF MATTER Based upon particle arrangement Based upon energy of particles Based upon distance between particles

Kinetic Theory of Matter Matter is made up of particles which are in continual random motion.

1. All matter is composed of small particles (atoms or molecules). States of Matter A. The Kinetic Theory 1. All matter is composed of small particles (atoms or molecules). 2. They are in constant, random motion. 3. They constantly collide with each other and with the walls of their container.

STATES OF MATTER SOLIDS Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating about a fixed position. Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume. Heat

STATES OF MATTER LIQUID Particles of liquids are tightly packed, but are far enough apart to slide over one another. Liquids have an indefinite shape and a definite volume. Heat

STATES OF MATTER GAS Particles of gases are very far apart and move freely. Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. Heat

Particle Properties Phase Proximity Energy Volume Shape Solid close B. Phase Properties Particle Properties Phase Proximity Energy Volume Shape Solid close little definite definite Liquid close moderate indefinite definite Gas far apart a lot indefinite indefinite

Description of Phase Change PHASE CHANGES Description of Phase Change Term for Phase Change Heat Movement During Phase Change Solid to liquid Melting Heat goes into the solid as it melts. Liquid to solid Freezing Heat leaves the liquid as it freezes.

Description of Phase Change PHASE CHANGES Description of Phase Change Term for Phase Change Heat Movement During Phase Change Liquid to gas Vaporization, which includes boiling and evaporation Heat goes into the liquid as it vaporizes. Gas to liquid Condensation Heat leaves the gas as it condenses. Solid to gas Sublimation Heat goes into the solid as it sublimates.

We all know about: SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES Lower Temperature Higher Temperature

Will everything just be a gas? But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels… between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ? Will everything just be a gas?

STATES OF MATTER LIQUID PLASMA SOLID GAS Tightly packed, in a regular pattern Vibrate, but do not move from place to place Close together with no regular arrangement. Vibrate, move about, and slide past each other Well separated with no regular arrangement. Vibrate and move freely at high speeds Has no definite volume or shape and is composed of electrical charged particles

PLASMA NO! The 4th state of matter: If the gas is made up of particles which carry an electric charge (“ionized particles”), but the entire gas as a whole has no electric charge, and if the density is not too high, then we can get The 4th state of matter: PLASMA

Some places where plasmas are found… 1. Flames

2. Lightning

3. Aurora (Northern Lights)

5. Stars Stars make up 99% of the total matter in the Universe. Therefore, 99% of everything that exists in the entire Universe is in the plasma state.

The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state

So now we know all about four states of matter: PLASMAS (only for low density ionized gases) LIQUIDS GASES SOLIDS Lower Temperature Higher Temperature

Will everything just be a frozen solid? But now what happens if you lower the temperature way, way, down to 100 nano degrees above “Absolute Zero” (-273°C) Will everything just be a frozen solid?

Not Necessarily! In 1924 (82 years ago), two scientists, Albert Einstein and Satyendra Bose predicted a 5th state of matter which would occur at very very low temperatures. Einstein Bose +

Ketterle and his students Finally, in 1995,Wolfgang Ketterle and his team of graduate students discovered the 5th state of matter for the first time. Ketterle and his students The 5th state of matter: Bose-Einstein Condensate

To really understand Bose-Einstein condensate you need to know Quantum Physics

The five states of matter: PLASMAS (only for low density ionized gases) BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE LIQUIDS SOLIDS GASES Lower Temperature Higher Temperature