An era of prosperity, Republican power, and conflict The Roaring 20’s An era of prosperity, Republican power, and conflict
Age of Prosperity Economic expansion Mass Production Assembly Line Age of the Automobile Ailing Agriculture…
an agri. depression in early 1920's contributed to this urban migration U.S. farmers lost agri. markets in postwar Europe at same time agri. efficiency increased so more food produced (more food = lower prices) and fewer labourers needed so farming was no longer as prosperous, and bankers called in their loans (farms repossessed) so American farmers enter the Depression in advance of the rest of society
Black Americans in this period continued to live in poverty sharecropping kept them in de facto slavery 1915 - boll weevil wiped out the cotton crop white landowners went bankrupt & forced blacks off their land
Changing Roles of Women Flappers Young Semi-professional Margaret Sanger Birth Control Miriam A. Ferguson Governor. First women in government office
1920 - 19th Amendment gave them the federal vote after 1920, social circumstances changed too as more women worked outside the home and more women went to college and clamoured to join the professions women didn't want to sacrifice wartime gains - amounted to a social revolt characterized by the FLAPPER/ "new woman" (bobbed hair, short dresses, smoked in public...)
Harlem Renaissance “Flowering” of African American Arts Literature Result of Great Migration Literature Langston Hughes Zora Neale Hurston Drama Paul Robeson
Blacks moved north to take advantage of booming wartime industry (= Great Migration) - Black ghettoes began to form, i.e. Harlem within these ghettoes a distinct Black culture flourished But both blacks and whites wanted cultural interchange restricted
Music of the Harlem Renaissance Blues Bessie Smith Jazz W. African Rhythms + European Harmony Louis Armstrong Duke Ellington Cotton Club
African American Politics Voting Bloc Republican Oscar DePriest NAACP Lobbying John J. Parker Lawsuits
Stances on Segregation Booker T. Washington Accommodation / Gradualism W.E.B. Du Bois (NAACP) Integration Marcus Garvey Separatism
Marcus Garvey Universal Negro Improvement Association Black Star Lines Black Nationalism Black Star Lines “Back to Africa” Movement
Marcus Garvey (Jamaican born immigrant) established the Universal Negro Improvement Association believed in Black pride advocated racial segregation b/c of Black superiority Garvey believed Blacks should return to Africa he purchased a ship to start the Black Star line attracted many investments: gov't charged him with w/fraud he was found guilty and eventually deported to Jamaica, but his organization continued to exist
The Ku Klux Klan In power Great increase Anti-black Anti-immigrant Anti-Semitic Anti-Catholic Anti-women’s suffrage Anti-bootleggers
Mass Media Radio Miss America Pageant Magazines National Culture George “Babe” Ruth Charles Lindbergh Miss America Pageant Magazines Advertising
Motion Pictures Silent Films 1927 Charlie Chaplin Rudolph Valentino D.W. Griffith Feature Length Film Birth of A Nation 1927 The Jazz Singer “Talkie”
Rudolph Valentino
Lillian Gish
Literature “Lost Generation” Disillusionment after WWI Ernest Hemingway For Whom the Bell Tolls Farewell to Arms F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby Sinclair Lewis Babbit
Art Realism
Consumer Economy RADIO VACUUM CLEANER
INVENTIONS of the 20’s 1920- Tommy Gun, Band-Aid, Hair Dryer 1921- First Robot & Lie Detctor 1922- Insulin, Convertible, Water skiing 1923- Traffic Signal, T.V, Clarence Birdseye frozen food 1924- Spiral notebooks 1926- Power steering, first drive through (City Center Bank), toaster 1927- PEZ candy 1928- penicillin, Bubble Gum, electric shaver 1929- car radio, Yo-Yo re-invented as an American fad
Culture of the Roaring 20’s Radio KDKA Pittsburgh GE, Westinghouse,& RCA form NBC Silent Movies Charlie Chaplin “Talkies” The Jazz Singer Starring Al Jolson Mary Pickford “America’s Sweetheart”
Celebrities Babe Ruth &Ty Cobb Charles Lindbergh The Spirit of St. Louis Jack Dempsey
1920's collectively known as the "Roaring 20's", or the "Jazz Age" in sum, a period of great change in American Society - modern America is born at this time for first time the census reflected an urban society - people had moved into cities to enjoy a higher standard of living
The 20’s is The Jazz Age The Flappers Writers Musicians make up cigarettes short skirts Writers F. Scott Fitzgerald Ernest Hemingway Musicians Louis Armstrong Duke Ellington
Republican Power President Harding Elected 1920 Legacy of Scandals “Teapot Dome” Died in office
President Coolidge “The business of America is business.” Fordney-McCumber Tariff Smoot-Hawley Tariff No help for farmers Foreign Policy
A Society in Conflict Anti-immigrant Sacco-Vanzetti Trial National Origins Act Discrimination Sacco-Vanzetti Trial Italian immigrants Unfair trial
for immigrants – the point of origin had shifted to S & E Europe and new religions appeared: Jewish, Orthodox, Catholic N. European immigrants of early 19c. feared this shift and felt it would undermine Protestant values this fear was known as NATIVISM many wanted Congress to restrict immigration, leading to a quota system that favoured n. areas of Europe fear of immigrants (from SE Europe) led to a sentiment known as the Red Scare (fear of comm. post-Bolshevik Rev.) basic comm. advocates a int'l revolution by the proletariat/workers - fears that this ideology could find its way into the U.S.
at this time, W. Wilson was gravely ill following a stroke his Attorney General, A. Mitchell Palmer, wanted to take a shot at the presidency - he used fears of both immigrants and communism to his advantage he had J. Edgar Hoover round up suspected radicals, many of which were deported (Palmer Raids)
High School Biology teacher Scopes “Monkey” Trial Evolution vs. Creationism Science vs. Religion Famous Lawyers Dayton, Tennessee John Scopes High School Biology teacher
Prohibition Volstead Act untouchables Gangsters 18th Amendment Al Capone
Prohibition 1920 Bootlegging Speakeasies Organized Crime 18th Amendment Bootlegging Speakeasies Organized Crime Al Capone Elliot Ness
PROHIBITION - on manuf. and sale of alcohol adopted in 1919 - 18th AMENDMENT an outgrowth of the longtime temperance movement in WWI, temperance became a patriotic mvmt. - drunkenness caused low productivity & inefficiency, and alcohol needed to treat the wounded a difficult law to enforce... organized crime, speakeasies, bootleggers were on the rise Al Capone virtually controlled Chicago in this period - capitalism at its zenith… Prohibition finally ended in 1933 w/ the 21st Amendment forced organized crime to pursue other interests…
Fundamentalism Literal Biblical Interpretation Evolution Feared “New Morality” Billy Sunday Evolution Charles Darwin Scopes “Monkey” Trial Clarence Darrow William Jennings Bryan