The second Meeting Basic Terms in Logic

Proposition Statement in a sentence that can be right and wrong Example: Everyone can be a member of parliament Yudhoyono is the Indonesian President

Sentence Collection of words according to a grammar and has its meaning

Premise Premise is a proposition in argument upon which inference is based. This proposition provides grounds or reasons for the conclusion premise indicators are words and phrases (like “because’, “since”) that normally signal that what follows them are statement serving as premises

Major Premise Major premise is in a standard form of syllogism, the premise that contains the major term Major term is the term that occurs as the predicate term of the conclusion in a standard-form syllogism

Minor Premis In the standar form of syllogism, the premise that contains the minor term. Minor term is the term that occurs as the subject term of the conclusion in a standard-form syllogism

(source: Encarta® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation) Predicable Quality that describes something: a quality or attribute by which somebody or something can be described (source: Encarta® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation)

Argument Argument is any group of propositions of which (the conclusion) is claimed to follow from the others ( the premises) which are regarded as providing support for the truth of that one

Conclusion Conclusion is the proposition to which the other proposition in the argument are claimed to give support, or for which they are given as reason.

Conclusion indicators Therefore, hence, thus, so accordingly, in consequence, consequently, proves that, as aresult, for this reason, for these reasons, it follows that, we may infer, I conclude that, we may infer, I conclude that, which shows that, which means that, which entails that, which implies that, which allows us to infer that, which points to the conclusion that

Syllogism Syllogism is any deductive argument in which a conclusion is inferred from two premises Syllogistic argument is any argument that is either a standard form categorical syllogism or can be reformulated as a standard-form categorical syllogism without any change of meaning

Deduction Deduction is one of the two major types of argument traditionally distinguished, the other being induction. A deductive argument claims to provide conclusive grounds for its conclusion; if it does so it is valid, if it is does not, it is invalid

Induction induction is one of the two major types of argument traditionally distinguished, the other being deduction. An inductive argument claims that its premiseses give only some degree of probability, but not certainty, to its conclusion

Fallacy Fallacy is a mistake in reasoning; a type of argument that may seem to be correct, but that proves upon examination not to be so. Fallacies may be formal or informal. Informal fallacy is logical mistakes common in ordinary discourse Fallacy of ambiguity is those informal fallacies committed when the inference to the conclusion relies upon shifting meanings within the course of an argument Fallacies of relevance is thos informal fallacies committed when the premises of an argument are not relevant to its conclusion and therefore cannot establish the truth of that conclusion

Inference Inference is a process by which one proposition is arrived at and affirmed on the basis of some other proposition or prositions.

Exercises The light that we see from distant galaxies left them millions of years ago, and in the case of that most distant object that we have seen, the light left some eight thousand million years ago. Thus when we look at the universe, we are seeing it as it was in the past

Exercises 2 A Gray surface looks red if we have been looking at a blue-green one; plain paper feels smooth if we have been feeling sandpaper of rough if we have feeling plate glass; and tap water tastes sweet if we have been eating artichokes. Some part of what we call red or smooth or sweet must therefore be in the eyes or fingertips or tounge of the beholder, feeler, or taster.